離家

那是1933年9月。一個年輕人站在火車站，拎著幾只被撐得變形的鼓鼓囊囊的袋子，緊張地等待著火車把他帶到芝加哥大學(xué)，把他帶到生命旅程中的另一個新階段。他在這所大學(xué)舉辦的競爭性考試中贏得了全額獎學(xué)金，這讓正遭受大蕭條打擊的父母大大松了一口氣。這位滿腔熱忱的大學(xué)新生會帶什么行李去學(xué)校呢？他離開的時候，這個家還會有哪些東西保留在他身上？西蒙自己也不是很肯定：在自傳中，當(dāng)描述到他轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌赡耆说氖录r，他的敘事從第三人稱變成第一人稱。對他來說，過去的那個少年已經(jīng)變成了“男孩子”。

從火車站的人群中認出西蒙是可能的，畢竟“三歲看老”。內(nèi)心深處，他是，并將永遠是一個理性福音的傳播者，一個驕傲的異教徒，一個相信所有天性（甚至人性）的合法性的人。但他的信念并不是永遠不變的：西蒙相信理性，也相信理性的局限性；他相信選擇的重要性，也相信外部力量對這些選擇的影響；他珍視思想的獨立，也看重組織成員身份和專業(yè)訓(xùn)練強加給思想的結(jié)構(gòu)。他畢生都是民主派，但又是專家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的社會規(guī)劃的倡導(dǎo)者。55

正如西蒙很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn)的，他并不是唯一秉承這些信念的人。一方面是獨立、自由意志、民主政治，另一方面則是外部誘因、具有確定性的科學(xué)以及專家權(quán)威，這兩方面的張力，存在于所有社會科學(xué)的核心，尤其是在芝加哥大學(xué)。在芝加哥，西蒙會找到良師益友，與局外人為伴，學(xué)會如何在美國知識和政治生活的核心圈內(nèi)混得如魚得水。

腳注

1 Herbert Simon, Models of My Life , New York: Basic Books, 1991, pp. 175-188.

2 Herbert Simon, “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment” , Psychological Review, 63, 1956:129-138.

3 Simon, Models of My Life, pp175-177. For the stories by Borges, see Donald Yates and James Irby, eds., Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings by Jorge Luis Borges, New York: New Directions, 1964.

4 Simon, Models of My Life, pp. 177-178.

5 Jorge Luis Borges, “The Library of Babel”, in Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings by Jorge Luis Borges, ed. Donald Yates and James Irby, New York: New Directions, 1964, p. 53.

6 同上，第53頁。

7 Simon, Models of My Life, pp.180,181.

8 同上，第187—188頁。

9 同上，第188頁。

10 For “monomania”, and for “whole career as a gloss”, see Herbert Simon, Models of Man: Social and Rational. Mathematical Essays on Rational Behavior in a Social Setting, New York:Wiley, 1957, p. vii; for “obvious responses” , see Simon, Models ofMy Life, pp. xvii-xviii.

11 Simon, Models of My Life, p. 177.

12 同上，第3-5, xxv-xxvi頁。

13 同上，第3-6、14、22頁。

14 同上，第22頁。

15 同上，第 108頁。

16 同上，第109頁。

17 同上，第19—20頁。

18 同上，第22頁。關(guān)于德國和美國的職業(yè)情況，參見“資料來源筆記”。

19 同上，第5頁。

20 Herbert Simon, interview by Hunter Crowther-Heyck, 10/19/1997.

21 Simon, Models of My Life. Also see Pamela McCorduck, “Transcript of Interview with Herbert Simon, April 1975” , 4/9/1975, HSP, Box52, ff: Pamela McCorduck Interviews-1975, pp. 14-15.

22 關(guān)于人文科學(xué)的性別情況，參見“資料來源筆記”。

23 Simon, Models of My Life, pp. 7,19,23.

24 Herbert Simon,“What It Means to Me to Be Jewish”, essay dated 6/9/1994, contained in a personal communication to the author, dated 4/24/2000. This essay was published as Herbert Simon, “What It Means to Me to Be Jewish”, in Jewish: Does It Make a Difference?, ed. Elvira Nadin and Mihai Nadin ,Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David Publishers,2000.

25 同上。

26 David Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education,Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974, title page.

27 I borrow the distinction between “shop” and “school” cultures from Monte Calvert, The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1910: Professional Cultures in Conflict, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967.

28 George Marsden, The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998; George M.Marsden and Bradley J. Longfield, The Secularization of the Academy,New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion ,Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.

29 Dorothy Ross, G. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

30 David A. Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996; Marsden, The Soul of the American University.

31 Simon, “What It Means to Me to Be Jewish” .

32 Herbert Simon, “Letter to Brother Benedict” , 11/22/1947, HSP, Box 5, ff 198, p. 1.

33 Simon, Models of My Life, p. 179.

34 同上，第5、17、xxiii 頁。

35 Simon, “What It Means to Me to Be Jewish” .

36 Simon, Models of My Life, p. 23.

37 McCorduck, “Interview with Herbert Simon” .西蒙與紐威爾約定輪流報告工作成果，每次只有一個人出席會議。西蒙與詹姆斯·馬奇（James March）和哈羅德·格茲考（Harold Guetzkow）的合作也堅持類似的原則：結(jié)果就是， 《組織》（Organizations）通常被視為馬奇的著作，盡管西蒙領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了產(chǎn)生這本書的整個項目，撰寫了幾個關(guān)鍵章節(jié)并編輯了其他的章節(jié)。

38 同上，第19頁。

39 Simon, Models of My Life, pp.8-9, 18.

40 McCorduck, “Interview with Herbert Simon”, p.20.

41 Herbert A. Simon, Peter Drucker, and Dwight Waldo, “‘Development of Theory of Democratic Administration’: Replies and Comments”, American Political Science Review 46, no.2 (1952):494-503, at 501.

42 Simon, Models of My Life, p. 144.

43 Herbert Simon, Models of Discovery: And Other Topics in the Methods of Science,Boston: D. Reidel, 1977, p. xv; Herbert Simon, “Letter to George Madow”, 7/25/1955, HSP, Box 35, ff: Madow, William G.-Correspondence, 1951-1955; Herbert Simon,“Letter to Dwight Waldo” , 3/10/1953, HSP, Box6, ff 222, p.1.

44 Simon, Models of My Life, p. 65.

45 McCorduck, “Interview with Herbert Simon”, p. 14.

46 Simon, Models of My Life, p.14；Simon, The Proverbs of Administration, Public Administration Review 6（1946）：53-67；Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, “Heuristic Problem Solving”, Journal of the Operations Research Society of America 6（1958）：1-10.西蒙宣稱，這些引發(fā)激烈爭論的預(yù)測并不意味著人們真要這樣去做。不管怎樣，他肯定得承受它們帶給他的罵名。McCorduck, “Interview with Herbert Simon”, pp.21-32。

47 Simon, Models of My Life, p.48.

48 同上，第268頁。 Some of the more lengthy public exchanges were those with Dwight Waldo on political science, Chris Argyris on organization theory, and with the editors of the CMU student paper on technology, society, and the war in Vietnam.See Dwight Waldo, “Development of Theory of Democratic Administration”, American Political Science Review 46, no.1 (81-103):81–103; Herbert Simon, “Letter to Taylor Cole of the APSR”, 4/16/1952, HSP, Box 10, ff: APSR Correspondence: 1950-1974. Also see the exchanges between Argyris and Simon in the Public Administration Review 33(1973); Herbert Simon, “Prometheus Unbound” and “Reflections on the Revolution of Our Times” (both 1970) and his letter to the editors of the CMU Tartan of 10/24/1970, all found in HSP, Box 61, ff：Autobiography——Source Documents 1969-1988.

49 Simon, Models of My Life, pp.9–10.

50 Herbert Simon, “The Reminiscences of Herbert Simon”,1979, Columbia University Oral History Research Office, New York, p.42.

51 McCorduck, “Interview with Herbert Simon”, p.15.

52 同上。

53 Simon, Models of My Life, p.10.

54 Herbert A. Simon, “Letter to Kathie and David”, 5/23/1965, HSP, Box 61, ff: Materials for Autobiography-1982.

55 Simon, Models of My Life, pp.3,28.

腳注

① 1894年，法國猶太裔軍官德雷福斯被誣犯有叛國罪的事件。——編者注。若未另作說明，本書腳注皆為編者注。

② Charles Proteus Steinmetz（1865—1923），德國——美國電機工程師。

③ Oliver Heaviside（1850—1925），英國物理學(xué)家。