???第一節 新經濟的內涵與定義
Section One Connotation and Definition of New Economy

一、新經濟的內涵

1. Connotation of New Economy

第一階段：“新經濟”一詞最早是由美國《時代周刊》1983年在一篇封面文章中提出的。13年后，1996年12月30日出版的美國《商業周刊》發表了一組文章，對新經濟首次進行了定義：新經濟是指借由經濟全球化浪潮所產生的，由信息技術革命驅動，以高科技產業為龍頭的經濟體系。其特征是實際 GDP 大幅增長，公司運營利潤上升，失業率降低，通貨膨脹率降低，進出口之和占 GDP 的比例上升，GDP 增長中高科技的貢獻度比重上升①。這個定義是為20世紀90年代初到2001年互聯網泡沫期間的美國經濟量身定制的。它有兩大背景：一是以互聯網大規模商用為代表的信息技術革命；二是以產業分工向縱深推進、產業鏈急劇跨國延伸和國際貿易突飛猛進為主要特征的全球化。

The first stage: The term“new economy”was first put forward in a cover article of Time in 1983. Thirteen years later, Business Week published a series of articles on December 30,1996, which defined the new economy for the first time: the new economy refers to the economic system generated by the tide of economic globalization, driven by the information technology revolution and led by high-tech industries. It is characterized by the substantial growth of real GDP, the increase of company operating profit, the decrease of unemployment rate and inflation rate, the rise of the proportion of the sum of import and export in GDP, and the increase of the contribution of high technology in GDP growth.This definition is customized for the US economy during Internet Bubble from early 1990s to the 2001. It has two backgrounds: one is the information technology revolution represented by the large-scale commercial use of the Internet; the other is the globalization characterized by the deepening of industrial division, the rapid transnational extension of industrial chain and the rapid development of international trade.

第二階段：理論界對“新經濟”概念的寬泛化闡釋。根據黨中央提綱挈領式的描述，理論界開始對新經濟展開研究。學者們普遍認為，在中國經濟新常態的背景下，“新經濟”的內涵較為廣泛，是各項高科技迅速發展所引起的衍生產業的發展、經濟動力來源的轉換等現象。國內對“新經濟”的理解經歷了幾個階段。首先，黨中央對“新經濟”的戰略部署。習近平總書記2014年在國際工程科技大會的講話中提到當前世界正處于新經濟發展階段，2015年又再次提到世界新一輪產業與科技革命正在催生當下的新技術、新經濟、新業態，為中國的經濟發展創造發展機遇。2016年李克強總理在十二屆全國人大四次會議上提出“要培育新動能、發展新經濟，促進新技術、新產業、新業態成長”，同年將“新經濟”寫入政府工作報告中。2016年全國人大十二屆四次會議，李克強總理首次詳解“新經濟”的內涵：“新經濟”涉及一、二、三產業，不僅僅是指三產中的“互聯網+”、物聯網、云計算、電子商務等新興產業和業態，也包括工業制造當中的智能制造、大規模的定制化生產等，還涉及第一產業當中像有利于推進適度規模經營的家庭農場、股份合作制，農村一、二、三產融合發展，等等①。

The second stage: extensive interpretation of the concept“new economy”in the theoretical circle. According to the description of the Party Central Committee, theorists began to study the new economy. Scholars generally believe that under the background of“new normal”of China's economy, the connotation of“new economy”is more extensive, which means the phenomena such as the development of derivative industries and the transformation of economic power sources caused by the rapid development of various high technologies. Domestic understanding of“new economy”has gone through several stages. The first stage: the Central Committee of CPC strategic plan for the“new economy”. General Secretary Xi Jinping said in his speech at the International Conference on Engineering Technology in 2014 that the world is entering a new stage of economic development. In 2015, it was mentioned again that the new round of industrial and technological revolution in the world was giving birth to new technology, new economy and new form of business, creating opportunities for China's economic development. In 2016, Premier Li Keqiang proposed at the fourth session of the 12th National People's Congress that“we should cultivate new growth driver, develop new economy, and promote the growth of new technologies, new industries, and new form of business”. In the same year, he wrote“new economy”into the government work report. In the same time, Premier Li Keqiang first expounded the connotation of the new economy: the new economy involves the primary, the secondary and tertiary industry, not only referring to the new tertiary industries such as“Internet plus”, Internet of things, cloud computing, e-commerce, but also including intelligent manufacturing in industrial manufacturing, large-scale customized production. It also involves family farms conducive to promoting moderate scale operation, joint-stock cooperative system, and the integration of three industries.

“新經濟”的興起是由于新一輪科技和產業革命帶動新的生產、交換、消費、分配活動，這些活動表現為人類生產方式進步和經濟結構變遷、新經濟模式對舊經濟模式的替代①。“新經濟”的實質是通過升級經濟結構從而創造新的生產關系，挖掘新增長點，推動中國的經濟發展。上述對新經濟概念的認識，邊界過于寬泛，內涵過于籠統，標準過于模糊，使得人們難以精準地開展政策設計。

The rise of“new economy”is due to a new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution, which leads to new activities of production, exchange, consumption and distribution. These activities are manifested in the progress of the human mode of production, the change of economic structure, and the replacement of the old economic model by the new economic model. The essence of“new economy”is to create new production relations, to tap new growth points and to promote China's economic development by upgrading economic structure. The above understanding of the concept of new economy is too broad in boundary, too general in connotation and too vague in standard to carry out accurate policy design.

第三階段：實踐界對“新經濟”的具體化描述。目前，不少城市都展開了對新經濟的相關部署。如上海提出發展新技術、新產業、新業態、新模式“四新”經濟；深圳構建世界級的電子信息產業生態圈；杭州打造“互聯網+”創新創業中心。由于各地發展新經濟的側重點不同，人們對新經濟的理解呈現具體化傾向：有人認為，所謂“新經濟”，就是知識經濟、信息經濟、虛擬經濟；有學者用互聯網經濟、物聯網經濟、大數據經濟概括新經濟；也有地方政府工作人員將“新經濟”理解為數字經濟、智能經濟、共享經濟；等等①。以上關于新經濟的認識，都是“管中窺豹”式的碎片化描述，并沒有形成新經濟的整體性、系統性觀點。

The third stage: the concrete description of“new economy”in practice. At present, many cities have made the relevant plan of the new economy. For example, Shanghai proposes the development of“Four New”economy － new technologies, new industries, new form of business and new models; Shenzhen builds a world-class electronic information industry ecosystem; Hangzhou creates“Internet plus”innovation and entrepreneurship center. Due to the different emphases of developing new economy in different regions, scholars'understanding of new economy tends to be specific: some people think that the so-called“new economy”is knowledge economy, information economy and virtual economy; some scholars summarize new economy as Internet economy, Internet of things economy and big data economy; some local government staff understand“new economy”as digital economy and intelligent economy, sharing economy and so on. The above understanding of new economy does not form a holistic and systematic view of new economy due to their one-sided description.

第四階段：關于新經濟的“成都定義”。近年來，成都立足自身實際，結合國際國內先進城市發展經驗，決定聚焦數字經濟、智能經濟、綠色經濟、創意經濟、流量經濟、共享經濟“六大形態”，著力構建服務實體經濟、智慧城市建設、科技創新創業、人力資本協同、消費提檔升級、綠色低碳建設、現代供應鏈創新“七大應用場景”，致力于打造新經濟話語引領者、場景培育地、生態創新區，建設最適宜新經濟發展的城市。目前，“新經濟”已成為成都高質量發展的強力推動者、高品質生活的重要創造者和高效能治理的有力參與者①。隨著實踐的展開，成都對“新經濟”的認識將逐步系統化和深化。

The fourth stage: “Chengdu's Definition”of new economy. In recent years, based on its own reality and combined with the development experience of international and domestic advanced cities, Chengdu has decided to focus on the“six major forms”of digital economy, intelligent economy, green economy, creative economy, flow economy and sharing economy, and strive to build a real service economy, smart city construction, scientific and technological innovation and entrepreneurship, human capital collaboration, consumption upgrading, green and low-carbon construction and modern supply chain innovation, the“seven application scenescapes”. Chengdu is committed to lead new economic discourse, build scenescapes cultivation places, ecological innovation zones, and construct the most suitable city for new economic development. At present，“new economy”has become a strong promoter of high-quality development, an essential creator of high-quality life and a strong participant in Chengdu's efficient governance. With the development of practice, Chengdu's understanding of“new economy”is gradually systematic and deepened.

二、新經濟的定義

2. Definition of New Economy

一是“新經濟”是一個動態性的迭代概念。新經濟是一個動態的概念——新經濟總是相對于傳統經濟而言的，屬于歷史的范疇，在不同的歷史階段，新經濟有不同的具體內涵。與以往歷次工業革命相比，第四次工業革命是以指數級而非線性速度展開。在這一時期，技術更替迅速、種類繁多，新技術與專利幾乎每天都在形成，經濟形態總是處于永不停息的升級狀態。我們現在看到的絕大多數產品/服務都曾經是新經濟，但隨著大規模生產、同類商品和競爭者的涌現以及更新的產品/服務出現，它們便逐漸淪為傳統經濟的一部分。因此，新經濟要“代表前沿、代表方向、代表趨勢、代表未來”。

First, “new economy”is a dynamic and iterative concept. New economy is a dynamic concept — new economy is always relative to the traditional economy. In different historical stages, new economy has different specific connotations. Compared with the previous industrial revolution, the fourth industrial revolution was carried out at an exponential and nonlinear speed. During this period, technology changed rapidly in varieties. New technologies and patents were formed almost every day, and the economic form was always in a constant state of upgrading. Most of the products / services used to be new economy, but with the emergence of large-scale production, similar goods and competitors, and of newer products / services, they gradually become part of the traditional economy. Therefore, the new economy should“represent the frontier, direction, trend and future”.

二是“新經濟”是一種經濟形態。經濟形態存在于一個經濟體的部分產業、部分領域之中，而非整個經濟體。新經濟只是整體經濟的一部分而不是全部——新經濟必須以傳統經濟為支撐、為基礎、為配套，而不可能完全脫離傳統經濟單獨存在。新經濟既存在于第三產業，也存在于第二產業乃至第一產業，并且使三次產業之間界限趨于模糊。凡是能滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要的、自帶需求的新供給都可以屬于新經濟，它可能表現為產品，也可能表現為服務，更可能表現為產品和服務的融合狀態。

Second, “new economy”is an economic form. Economic form exists in some industries and fields, not in the whole economies. New economy is only a part, but not the whole of economy － it must be supported, based on supported by the traditional economy, and it cannot completely separate from the traditional economy. The new economy exists not only in the tertiary industry, but also in the secondary industry and even in the primary industry and makes the boundaries between the three industries tend to be blurred. Any new supply that can meet the people's growing needs for a better life and bring its own demand can belong to new economy. It may be manifested as products or services, and more likely to integrate products and services.

三是“新經濟”的核心是融合創新。與傳統經濟相比，新經濟的突出特征就是將科學技術轉化為高效的生產力，使社會生產力出現革命性的發展。數字革命通過融合應用數字化、智能化的新型技術對傳統經濟加以改造升級，這一革命在全球產業變革中的影響最為廣泛，它在各個領域催生了如電子商務、云計算、人工智能、新能源、物聯網等新產業。受益于信息技術的迅速發展，使得新技術在各個行業領域中的應用頻率加速提高，并在其中不斷滲透深入，形成了技術與產業、行業跨界融合的新型組織形態，即新業態。

Third, the core of“new economy”is integration and innovation. Compared with the traditional economy, the prominent feature of new economy is to transform science and technology into efficient productive forces, which will lead to the revolutionary development of social productive forces. The digital revolution transforms and upgrades the traditional economy by integrating and applying new digital and intelligent technologies, which has the most extensive influence on the global industrial transformation. It has spawned new industries in various fields, such as e-commerce, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, new energy, Internet of things, etc. Benefiting from the rapid development of information technology, the application frequency of new technology in various industries has been accelerated, and the penetration of new technology has been deepened, forming a new organizational form of integration of technology, industry and trade.

四是“新經濟”的目標是創造需求。“創造需求”實際上是滿足潛在的、客觀存在而沒有被既有產品/服務滿足的需求。新經濟能夠主動發現，并使用打破常規的辦法滿足這類需求，或解決產品/服務應用中的痛點和難點。新經濟的本質，就是進一步滿足人們對美好生活的向往。只要科技在進步，人類社會的行為路徑就會按照人性的特點不斷優化升級，進而導致商業邏輯的改進、社會秩序的不斷重組——也意味著新經濟的不斷涌現。

Fourth, the goal of“new economy”is to create demand. “Creating demand”is actually to meet the latent and objective needs that are not met by the existing products / services. New economy can actively discover and use unconventional methods to meet such needs or solve the difficulties in the application of products / services. The essence of new economy is to further satisfy people's yearning for a better life. As long as science and technology progress, human society's behavior will continue to optimize and upgrade according to the characteristics of human nature, which will lead to the improvement of business logic and the continuous reorganization of social order and mean the continuous emergence of new economy.

基于上述共識，本書將新經濟定義為：新經濟既不僅僅是一種經濟現象，也不完全是一種技術現象，而是一種由技術到經濟的演進范式、虛擬經濟到實體經濟的生成連接、資本與技術的深度黏合、科技創新與制度創新相互作用的經濟形態。

Based on the above consensus, this book defines the term as: the new economy is an economic phenomenon and not entirely a technological phenomenon. It is an economic form with the evolution paradigm from technology to economy, the generation and connection from virtual economy to real economy, the deep bonding between capital and technology, and the interaction between scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation.

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