???第二節(jié) 新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的特征及必要條件
Section Two Characteristics and Necessary Conditions of New Economic Development

一、新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的特征

1. Characteristics of New Economic Development

從技術(shù)特點(diǎn)來看，新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展依托的技術(shù)是指數(shù)級(jí)增長、數(shù)字化進(jìn)步、融合式創(chuàng)新。新經(jīng)濟(jì)更注重創(chuàng)新，視其為推動(dòng)發(fā)展的第一動(dòng)力，將新技術(shù)視為創(chuàng)新實(shí)現(xiàn)過程中最關(guān)鍵的要素，更加注重知識(shí)、技術(shù)等要素的投入，實(shí)行內(nèi)涵式的擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)。與傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)革命下的技術(shù)相比，新經(jīng)濟(jì)所依托的技術(shù)發(fā)生了本質(zhì)變化，具體表現(xiàn)為“指數(shù)級(jí)的增長、數(shù)字化的進(jìn)步和融合式的創(chuàng)新”。新技術(shù)將以摩爾定律的速度快速更迭，并向各個(gè)領(lǐng)域廣泛滲透，從而引發(fā)傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)生活方式的顛覆性變革。

From the perspective of technical characteristics, the development of new economy relies on exponential growth, digital progress and integrated innovation. In the new economy, it pays more attention to innovation and regards it as the first driving force to promote development. The new technology is considered as the most critical factor in the process of innovation. It pays more attention to the input of knowledge, technology etc., and implements connotative expanded reproduction. Compared with the technology under the traditional industrial revolution, the technology on which the new economy relies has undergone essential changes, which are embodied in“exponential growth, digital progress and integrated innovation”. New technologies will change rapidly with the speed of Moore's law and infiltrate into various fields, which will lead to a subversive change in the traditional modes of production and life.

從創(chuàng)新內(nèi)涵來看，新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展涉及的創(chuàng)新是涵蓋技術(shù)、業(yè)態(tài)、模式、制度的全面創(chuàng)新。新經(jīng)濟(jì)的創(chuàng)新不再局限于科技創(chuàng)新，而是向業(yè)態(tài)創(chuàng)新、模式創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新的全面拓展。相應(yīng)地，創(chuàng)新投入也不局限于傳統(tǒng)的研發(fā)投入，還包括知識(shí)資本、無形資產(chǎn)的投入（專利、技術(shù)、版權(quán)、訣竅、發(fā)明、創(chuàng)意、管理、信息以及高智力人力資本等），且無形資產(chǎn)投入遠(yuǎn)超過有形資產(chǎn)投入。

From the perspective of innovation connotation, the innovation involved in the new economy development is comprehensive, covering technology, format, mode and system. The innovation of the new economy is no longer limited to that of science and technology, but extends to that of business forms, modes and systems. Correspondingly, innovation investment is not limited to traditional R&D investment, but also including investment in intellectual capital and intangible assets（patents, technology, copyright, know-how, invention, creativity, management, information and high intelligence human capital, etc.）, among which the investment in intangible assets is far more than that in tangible assets.

從發(fā)展邏輯來看，新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展依賴新場景的助推。新場景是新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的新邏輯，用場景破除技術(shù)與實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的供需對(duì)接矛盾，為技術(shù)找到商業(yè)化應(yīng)用落點(diǎn)，為產(chǎn)業(yè)找到轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的解決方案，重點(diǎn)在培育新產(chǎn)業(yè)來帶動(dòng)城市發(fā)展。從技術(shù)視角看，場景是推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新應(yīng)用的新孵化平臺(tái)；從企業(yè)視角看，場景是尋求改變?nèi)祟惿罘绞降男略囼?yàn)空間；從產(chǎn)業(yè)視角看，場景是推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)爆發(fā)的新生態(tài)載體；從消費(fèi)視角看，場景助力消費(fèi)升級(jí)，釋放市場需求，為消費(fèi)者提供更多美好生活新體驗(yàn)①。

From the perspective of development logic, the development of new economy depends on the boost of new scenescapes. New scenescapes are the new logic of new economic development. It can break the contradiction between supply and demand of technology and real economy, find the commercial application for technology and the solution of industry transformation and upgrading, and focus on cultivating new industries to drive urban development. From the perspective of technology, scenescapes are new incubation platforms to promote innovative applications; from the perspective of enterprises, scenescapes are new experimental space to change the way of human life; from the perspective of industry, scenescapes are new ecological carriers to promote industrial explosion; from the perspective of consumption, scenescapes help consumption upgrade, releases market demand, and provides consumers with more new experiences of a better life.

從產(chǎn)業(yè)形態(tài)來看，新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出跨界融合、邊界模糊的特征。新經(jīng)濟(jì)與以往行業(yè)分類相對(duì)清晰的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)、服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)不同。伴隨信息技術(shù)的深度應(yīng)用和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)向傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的廣泛滲透，基于不同應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新大量涌現(xiàn)，制造服務(wù)融合、生產(chǎn)服務(wù)融合、服務(wù)跨行業(yè)融合、線上線下融合層出不窮，傳統(tǒng)的三次產(chǎn)業(yè)邊界趨于模糊，催生出形形色色的跨界融合“新物種”。

From the perspective of industrial form, new economy development presents the characteristics of cross-border integration and fuzzy boundary. The new economy is different from the industrial economy and service economy with clearly classification in the past. With the in-depth application of information technology and the wide penetration of Internet into traditional industries, a large number of innovations based on different applications have emerged, including the integration of manufaction and service, production and service，cross-business service, online and offline. The boundaries of three traditional industries tend to be blurred, giving birth to a variety of“new species”with cross-border integration.

從運(yùn)作模式來看，新經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)平臺(tái)化、共享化的特征。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代“共享”的特征明顯，經(jīng)濟(jì)行為進(jìn)一步公共化，各類要素通過嵌入開放式的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)研發(fā)公共化（個(gè)體將創(chuàng)意、設(shè)計(jì)分享到網(wǎng)絡(luò)）、銷售公共化（從電商到微商，網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)供求的廣域、快速和無縫對(duì)接）、數(shù)據(jù)信息公共化（如維基百科、百度百科等）。這帶來了經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)作模式的重大變化，企業(yè)可依托免費(fèi)平臺(tái)提供增值服務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利。

From the perspective of operation mode, the development of new economy presents the characteristics of platformization and shared. The characteristics of“sharing”in the Internet era are obvious, and the economic behavior is further public. Various factors are embedded in the open network platform to realize the publicity of R&D（individuals share their creativity and design on the network）, the publicity of sales（from e-commerce to We-chat commerce, and the network platform further promotes the wide, fast and seamless connection of supply and demand）, and the publicity of data and information（such as Wikipedia, Baidu Encyclopedia, etc.）, which has brought about significant changes in the mode of economic operation. Enterprises can rely on the free platform to provide value-added services to achieve profits.

從創(chuàng)新主體來看，新經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展實(shí)現(xiàn)了從封閉式的研究機(jī)構(gòu)走向個(gè)體的開放式創(chuàng)新。傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的創(chuàng)新主體主要是高校、科研機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)中的技術(shù)研發(fā)人員，新經(jīng)濟(jì)中的創(chuàng)新主體拓展到創(chuàng)客、個(gè)體，并帶動(dòng)各類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資、私募基金、加速器、孵化器等主體參與，形成生生不息的“熱帶雨林”。如，深圳形成了諸多創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)資源集聚的眾創(chuàng)空間，集聚了天使匯、飛馬旅、大家投等各領(lǐng)域各類型的創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，是一種典型的眾創(chuàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。

From the perspective of innovation subject, the development of new economy has realized the transformation from closed research institutions to open individual innovation. In the traditional economy, the main body of innovation is the R&D personnel in universities, scientific research institutions and enterprises. In the new economy, the main body of innovation extends to individual entrepreneur, with the participation of various venture capital, private equity funds, accelerators and incubators, forming an endless“tropical rain forest”. For example, Shenzhen has formed the“maker space”gathering many entrepreneurial service resources, such as institutions in various fields of Angel Crunch, Pegasus Group, and Dajiatou（Chinese Angel List）. This is a typical crowd making economy.

從經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)力來看，新經(jīng)濟(jì)是典型的需求導(dǎo)向、用戶牽引模式。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代的新經(jīng)濟(jì)是一種突出需求導(dǎo)向、通過用戶來牽引和驅(qū)動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)，這與傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中強(qiáng)調(diào)生產(chǎn)者生產(chǎn)能力和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展模式截然不同。進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代后，新型的商業(yè)模式逐漸打破傳統(tǒng)模式，以消費(fèi)者需求為基點(diǎn)，共享經(jīng)濟(jì)、平臺(tái)經(jīng)濟(jì)等模式逐漸興起，各級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)主體之間的界線不復(fù)存在。現(xiàn)在的商業(yè)模式以顧客為主、服務(wù)為主，以新盈利理念為核心，顛覆了傳統(tǒng)消費(fèi)模式，迎合新的消費(fèi)理念。比如，“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+銀行”的結(jié)合帶來了支付寶等第三方支付平臺(tái)的興起，“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+醫(yī)療”的結(jié)合創(chuàng)造出了移動(dòng)就醫(yī)問診平臺(tái)。

From the perspective of economic driving force, the new economy is a typical demand-oriented and user-driven mode. The new economy in the Internet era is quite different from the traditional economy emphasizing the producer's production capacity and scale economy. After entering the Internet era, new business modes gradually break the traditional ones. Based on the consumers demand, shared economy, platform economy and other modes gradually rise, and the boundaries between economic entities at different levels no longer exist. The current business mode is customer-oriented and service-oriented, with the new profit concept as the core, subverting the traditional consumption model and catering to the new consumption concept. For example, the combination of“Internet plus banking”has brought the rise of the third-party payment platform such as Alipay. The combination of Internet plus medical care has created a mobile medical inquiry platform.

二、新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必要條件

2. Necessary Conditions of New Economic Development

新技術(shù)是新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的奠基石。在傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，主要依靠要素規(guī)模化效應(yīng)推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)向前發(fā)展，依賴低成本資源和生產(chǎn)要素的高強(qiáng)度投入，采用外延式的生產(chǎn)方式，科技進(jìn)步和創(chuàng)新對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)率偏低。在新經(jīng)濟(jì)中，更注重創(chuàng)新，視其為推動(dòng)發(fā)展的第一動(dòng)力，將新技術(shù)視為創(chuàng)新實(shí)現(xiàn)過程中最關(guān)鍵的要素，更加注重知識(shí)、技術(shù)等要素的投入，實(shí)行內(nèi)涵式的擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)。高質(zhì)量創(chuàng)新要素是“新經(jīng)濟(jì)”發(fā)展的動(dòng)力源，但高質(zhì)量創(chuàng)新要素的培養(yǎng)并不是一蹴而就的，不論是技術(shù)、知識(shí)，還是信息、數(shù)據(jù)，都需要經(jīng)過較長時(shí)間的積累、沉淀、挖掘、優(yōu)化、檢驗(yàn)，才能使之成為高價(jià)值特征的戰(zhàn)略資源。

New technology is the cornerstone of new economic development. The traditional economy mainly depends on the large-scale effect to promote economic development, relying on low-cost resources and high-intensity input of production factors and adopting the extensive production mode, with low contribution rate of scientific and technological progress and innovation to economic growth. The new economy attaches more attention to innovation and regards it as the first driving force to promote development, considers new technology as the most critical factor in the process of innovation, pays more attention to the input of knowledge, technology and other factors, and implements connotative expanded reproduction. High-quality innovation factors are the power source of the development of“new economy”, but the cultivation of high-quality innovation factors is not achieved overnight. Whether it is technology, knowledge, information or data, it needs a long time of accumulation, precipitation, exploiting, optimization and testing to make it a strategic resource with high value.

新產(chǎn)業(yè)和新業(yè)態(tài)是新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的孵化池。第四次工業(yè)革命（數(shù)字革命）將融合應(yīng)用智能化、數(shù)字化的新型技術(shù)，以對(duì)傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)改造升級(jí)，這一革命在全球產(chǎn)業(yè)變革中的影響最為廣泛，它催生了如電子商務(wù)、云計(jì)算、人工智能、新能源、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等新產(chǎn)業(yè)。受益于信息技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，新技術(shù)在各個(gè)行業(yè)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用頻率也加速提高，并在其中不斷滲透深入，形成了技術(shù)與產(chǎn)業(yè)、行業(yè)跨界融合的新型組織形態(tài)，簡稱“新業(yè)態(tài)”。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)等新型信息技術(shù)與第一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)逐漸融合，創(chuàng)造出智慧城市、智慧交通、智慧旅游、智慧農(nóng)業(yè)、生物農(nóng)業(yè)、觀光農(nóng)業(yè)、遠(yuǎn)程授課、移動(dòng)辦公、跨境電子商務(wù)等新業(yè)態(tài)。新經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展邏輯是，通過技術(shù)的應(yīng)用發(fā)展來“孵化”新產(chǎn)業(yè)和新業(yè)態(tài)，通過實(shí)踐培育新動(dòng)能，再由新產(chǎn)業(yè)和新業(yè)態(tài)“孵化”新經(jīng)濟(jì)。

New industries and new forms of business are the incubators of new economic development. The fourth industrial revolution（Digital Revolution） will integrate new intelligent and digital technologies to transform and upgrade the traditional economy. This revolution has the most extensive impact on the global industrial revolution, and has spawned new industries such as e-commerce, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, new energy, Internet of things and so on. Benefiting from the rapid development of information technology, the application frequency of new technology in various industries has been increased, and the penetration of new technology has been deepened, forming a new organizational form of cross-border integration of technology, industry and trade. The Internet, big data and other new information technologies are gradually integrated into the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, creating new forms of business such as smart city, smart transportation, smart tourism, smart agriculture, biological agriculture, sightseeing agriculture, distance teaching, mobile office, cross-border e-commerce, etc. The development logic of new economy is to“incubate”new industries and new forms through the application and development of technology, cultivate new growth driver through practice, and then“incubate”new economy through new industries and new forms.

新模式是實(shí)現(xiàn)新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要手段。在傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)模式是在生產(chǎn)商與消費(fèi)者之間逐次傳遞的，不能跨越任何一個(gè)商業(yè)主體，在各級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)主體之間形成溝通限制，并且多以線下交易為主，實(shí)行“一手交錢一手交貨”的方式，更注重效益，不以客戶滿意度為經(jīng)營標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代后，新型的商業(yè)模式逐漸打破傳統(tǒng)模式，以消費(fèi)者需求為基點(diǎn)，共享經(jīng)濟(jì)、租賃經(jīng)濟(jì)等商業(yè)模式逐漸興起，各級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)主體之間的界線不復(fù)存在，形成以顧客為主、服務(wù)為主的新盈利理念，顛覆了傳統(tǒng)消費(fèi)模式，迎合了新的消費(fèi)理念。

The new mode is an important means to realize the development of new economy. In the traditional economy, the traditional business mode happens between producers and consumers, which can't cross any business entity and form communication restrictions between economic entities at different levels. It mainly focuses on offline transactions and implements the mode of“give money and get goods”. It pays more attention to the level of efficiency without taking customers' satisfaction as the prior standard. After entering the Internet era, the new business mode gradually breaks the traditional one. Based on the consumers' demand, the sharing economy, leasing economy and other business modes gradually rise. The boundaries no longer exist between different economic entities. The new profit-making concept of customer-orientation and service-orientation is considered as the core, subverting the traditional consumption mode and catering to the new consumption concept.

① 長城戰(zhàn)略咨詢．新經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)用場景供給的探索：城市機(jī)會(huì)清單［EB/OL］. （2019－09－03） ［2021－02－22］. https://www.sohu.com/a/338350330＿176572.