本書作者忽辛·本·阿里·巴惕惕(?usain b. (Alī Ba?ī?ī)。他是1260年代前后活動于伊朗阿思塔剌八忒市(Astarābād,在今伊朗古雷斯坦省同名城市)的什葉派宗教學(xué)者。馬穆魯克王朝教法學(xué)家(屬沙斐儀派)、作家阿思喀蘭尼(al-(Asqalānī,1372—1449)在其名人別號辭典中簡略記載道,巴惕惕又名忽辛·本·阿合馬·本·阿里·阿剌維(al-?ussayn b. A?mad b. (Alī al-(Alawī,阿剌維為什葉派分支),卒于約600H/1203—4年以后。[1]按,其名字中的“巴惕惕”應(yīng)該是別號。阿語詞根ba??一詞有“脛、腿”義,又引申為“跛行、無脛的靴子”等義。至于他為何得此別名,整理者賈法里揚認(rèn)為可能與其家族最初所從事的職業(yè)(如制靴匠人)有關(guān)。[2]無獨有偶,傳記辭典作者者薩法底(al-?afadī,1269—1363)也記錄生活在九世紀(jì)的宗教學(xué)者亦不剌金·本·哈立的·哈斐茲(Ibrāhīm b. Khālīd al-?āfil,?—250H/864—5)同樣也以“巴惕惕而知名”(al-ma(rūf bi-Ba?ī?ī)。[3]
巴惕惕在全書中僅有少數(shù)幾處提到了他的信息提供者。其中最主要的一位名為阿明·丁(全名:Amīn al-Dīn Mu?ammad b. Amīrgān al-Astarābādī)。而阿明·丁又是從供職于哈剌和林的穆斯林摩訶末·希法夫(Mu?mmad al-?ifāf,按,?ifāf意為“邊境”)那里,以及“一些蒙古老者——其中一些人曾隨侍在成吉思汗家族身邊,或曾目睹過他們的生平事業(yè)”((an ba(? al-mughālayn alladhī kāna shaikhan dahrīyan min jumla min taqarrub bi-?l-Jinqiz Khān, wa ta(arruf min ?ālihūm mushāhidan wa(ayānan)那里聽來的。[9]我們沒能夠在同時代的波斯、阿拉伯語人名辭典中找到上述兩人的生平事跡。看來他們未必是當(dāng)?shù)氐拈L官或賢達(dá),更可能僅僅是巴惕惕私人社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的成員。同時,整理者賈法里揚也認(rèn)為,巴惕惕不可能僅憑口述信息寫作全書,應(yīng)該也利用了部分在其寫作時能搜羅到的編纂性史料。
[2]?ussain b. (Alī Ba?ī?ī,A?wāl mulūk al-tatār al-mughūl,Rasūl Ja(fariyān(ed.),Qom:Nashir Mūrkh,2015,p.10.
[3]?alā?al-Dīn Khalīl b. Aybak al-?afadī,Kitāb al-wāfi bi-l-wafāyāt,A?mad al-Arnā(ū? and Turkī Mu?afā(eds.),Beirut:Dār I?yā' al-Turāth al-(Arabī,2000,v. 5,p.226.
[4]Josef van Ess, Der Eine und das Andere: Beobachtungen an islamischen h?resiographischen Texten,Berlin:De Gruyter,2011,(Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients,Band 23),v. 1,p.1020;Ba?ī?ī,A?wāl mulūk al-tatār al-mughūl,p.9. 剌齊書的波斯文版本已由伊克巴爾整理出版:Mu?ammad b. al-?ussayn al-?asan al-Rāzī,Tab?ira al-(uwāmm fī ma(arifa maqālāt al-anām,Abbas Iqbal(ed.),Tehran:Asā?īr Press,1985。
[12]Minhāj al-Sirāj Jūzjānī,Tabakat-I-Nasirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia: including Hindustan,from A. H. 194 (810 A. D.)to A. H. 658(1260 A. D.)and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals into Islam,Major H. G. Raverty(tr.),London:Gilbert & Rivington,1881,v.2,pp.953-954;Jūzjānī,?abaqāt-i Na?irī,(Abdal?ay ?abībī(ed.),Kabul:Pūhanī Ma?b,1864,v.2,pp.100- 101.
[14]John of Plano Carpini,Historia Mongolorum:The story of the Mongols whom we call the Tartars. Translated Erik Hildinger,Boston:Branden Publishing Company,1996,p.52. Gregory G. Guzman,“Reports of Mongol cannibalism in the thirteenth-century Latin sources:oriental fact or western fiction?”,Discovering New Worlds: Essays on Medieval Exploration and Imagination. ,Scott D. Westrem (ed.),New York and London:Garland Publishing,1991,pp.31-68.
[17]Ashirbek Muminov,“Dihqāns and Sacred Families in Central Asia”,Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies:the living Links to the Prophet,Morimoto Kazuo(ed.),London:Routledge,2012,pp.198-209.
[20]英譯本作:效力于那些人(蒙古人)的……札八兒以經(jīng)商為名來到阿勒坦汗軍中(Ja(far,who was among that people [the Mughals] ,among the force of the Altūn Khan under semblance of traffic)。不過據(jù)波斯文本當(dāng)作:“以遣使為名派往阿勒坦汗處”(ba-vajh-i risālat ba nazdīk-i Altūn Khān firistād)。Tabakat-I-Nasirī,v.2,pp.953-954;?abaqāt-i Na?irī,v.2,pp.100-101.
[21]al-Dawādārī(Abū Bakr b. (Abd-Allāh b. Aybak),Kanz al-durar wa-jāmi' al-ghurar,Ulrich Haarmann(ed.),Cairo:Deutsches Arch?ologisches Insitut Kairo,1971,Der Bericht über die frühen Mamluken,v. 7,p.235;Ulrich Haarmann,“Altun Hān und ?ingiz Hān bei den ?gyptischen Mamluken”,Der Islam,1974,v. 51,pp.29-30.
[22]Shiraf al-zamān Tāhir Marwazī,Sharafal-zaman Tahir Marvazi on China,the Turks and India,V. Minorsky(ed. and tr.),F(xiàn)rankfurt am Main:Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University,1942,p.17,66. 根據(jù)洛杉磯圖書館和伊朗議會圖書館兩個新抄本作的翻譯見,烏蘇吉(M. B. Vosoughi)(著),王誠譯,邱軼皓審校《〈動物之自然屬性〉對“中國”的記載:據(jù)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的抄本》,《西域研究》2016年第1期,第105頁。
[24]Ibn al-Athīr,The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from al-Kāmil fi'l-ta' rīkh,D. S.Richards(tr.),Burlington:Ashgate,2007,vol. 3,p.205.