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蘋果的iPhone和iOS

史蒂夫·喬布斯(Steve Jobs)和史蒂夫·沃茲尼亞克(Steve Wozniak),兩位大學輟學者,在1976年創立了蘋果。公司的愿景是讓小型、用戶友好的電腦可以用于家庭和辦公室。蘋果的初始產品——Apple I和Apple II——徹底改變了計算機行業。蘋果公司的銷售額從1978年(蘋果公司公開上市的年份)的780萬美元[3]增加到了1980年的1.17億美元。[4]1990年,公司盈利達到歷史新高。然而,該公司的市場份額在這個高峰之后開始下降。

喬布斯于1985年離開公司,1997年又重新回歸。[5]隨后蘋果推出了一系列產品,包括個人電腦(iMac)、便攜式數字音樂播放器(iPod)、移動通信和媒體設備(iPhone和iPad)、各種相關服務和軟件(iOS,iTunes Store和iCloud),以及配套產品(Apple TV和Apple Watch)等。[6]其中而,iPhone帶來的銷售收入占蘋果2016年收入的三分之二,是蘋果的旗艦產品,并使得蘋果在2011年至2016年1月期間獲得并保持“世界上最有價值的上市公司”的地位。[7]

第一部iPhone于2007年6月29日發布,分為4GB和8GB兩種版本。然而,蘋果的移動革命則要歸功于iOS(以前的iPhone OS)— 一個移動操作系統的創建。蘋果最初在2007年開發了iOS,并將它用于iPhone和iPod Touch。接下來,蘋果開發了更高版本的iOS來支持其他設備,如iPad和Apple TV。截至2015年第三季度,蘋果已經銷售了超過11億部iOS設備。[8]截至2015年6月,蘋果的App Store包含超過150萬個可用的基于iOS的應用程序,[9]下載量超過1 000億次。[10]

蘋果大約每年對iOS操作系統提供一次主要更新。截至2016年2月8日,77%的設備使用iOS 9,17%的設備使用iOS 8,剩下6%的設備使用較早的操作系統。[11]

截至2015年12月的財政季度,報告顯示蘋果的銷售增長放緩。 iPhone及其他蘋果產品均表現不佳。 iPhone的銷售額同比增長不到1%,而上一年的銷售額增長了50%。iPad的單位銷售額比上年下降了25%,iMac的銷售額下降了4%。[12]盡管如此,蘋果對其旗艦產品iPhone依然充滿信心。庫克認為,iPhone的流行為公司提供了一個“持久的基礎”。[13]

[1] This case has been written on the basis of published sources only.Consequently,the interpretation and perspectives presented in this case are not necessarily those of Apple or any of its employees.

[2] Joseph L.Badaracco,Jr.,“Business Ethics:Four Spheres of Executive Responsibility,”California Management Review 34, no.3(Spring 1992):64-79.The word“right”has been used in its sense of“morally good,justified or acceptable.”According to Badaracco,management decisions often involve conflicts of“right versus right,of responsibility versus responsibility”and not issues of right versus wrong.Throughout the case,“right”is used in this sense.

[3] All currency amounts are in U.S.dollars unless otherwise specified.

[4] Angelique Richardson and Ellen Terrell,“Apple Computer,lnc.,”Library of Congress Business Reference Services,April 2008,accessed February 19,2016,www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/April/apple.xhtml

[5] Richardson and Terrell,op.cit.

[6] To understand how the company introduced a range of innovative products after 1976,see The Apple Timeline, www.theappletimeline.com,accessed February 21,2016

[7] “The World’s Most Valuable Brands,”Forbes, accessed April 6,2015,www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/list.On February 2,2016,Google’s Alphabet,with a market cap of$547.1 billion,overtook Apple,with a market cap of $529.3 billion,to become the world’s most valuable public company;Ari Levy,“Google Parent Alphabet Passes Apple Market Cap at the Open,”CNBC.com,February 2,2016,accessed February 19,2016,www.cnbc.com/2016/02/01/google-passes-apple-as most-valuable-company.xhtml

[8] Evan Niu,“How Many iOS Devices Has Apple Sold?”Motley Fool,November 16,2015,accessed February 21,2016, www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/11/16/iosdevices-sold.aspx.

[9] Sam Costello,“How Many Apps Are in the App Store?”About Tech,September 10,2015,accessed February 21,2016, http://ipod.about.com/od/iphonesoftwareterms/qt/apps-in-app-store.xhtml

[10] “Cumulative Number of Apps Downloaded from the Apple App Store from July 2008 to June 2015(in Billions),”Statista, accessed February 21,2016,www.statista.com/statistics/263794/number-of-downloads-from-the-apple-app-store

[11] Developer App Store,Apple,accessed February 21,2016,https://developer.apple.com/support/app-store

[12] Brett Howse,“Apple Reports Q1 FY2016 Results:Record Revenue Despite Flat iPhone Sales,”Anand Tech,January 26, 2016,accessed February 17,2016,www.anandtech.com/show/9991/apple-reports-q1-fy-2016-results-record-revenue-despite-flat-iphone-sales

[13] Katie Benner,“Apple Says Sales of iPhones Have Slowed,”New York Times,January 26,2016,accessed February 17, 2016,www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/technology/appleearnings-iphone-sales.html.During this quarter, however, revenue from Apple services grew by 26 per cent,and that from a category known as“other products”—which included the Apple Watch—increased by 62 per cent.

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