三、結(jié)語(yǔ)：福利國(guó)家的治理創(chuàng)新

中國(guó)正進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的發(fā)展時(shí)期。以經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展主義為導(dǎo)向的政府主導(dǎo)型發(fā)展模式，已經(jīng)不可持續(xù)，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式的轉(zhuǎn)型勢(shì)在必行，供給側(cè)改革的重要性日益凸顯。然而，供給側(cè)改革不可能包打天下，中國(guó)的發(fā)展也需要需求側(cè)改革，即重建福利國(guó)家。作為社會(huì)性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，福利國(guó)家是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的制度性保障。就中國(guó)而言，社會(huì)政策的變革，對(duì)于中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的“穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)”和發(fā)展模式的轉(zhuǎn)型來(lái)說(shuō)，并不一定都是遠(yuǎn)水。關(guān)鍵在于如何選擇社會(huì)政策變革的路徑，使之一方面能有效地幫助民眾分散社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，另一方面又能同市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的運(yùn)行相行不悖。

在當(dāng)今中國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式大轉(zhuǎn)型的時(shí)代，福利國(guó)家在很多人的心目中依然是一個(gè)忌諱，這一方面是出于對(duì)福利國(guó)家的誤解，另一方面是忌憚?dòng)谛姓⒐倭呕＠麌?guó)家對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活所產(chǎn)生的負(fù)激勵(lì)。但是，行政化并非福利國(guó)家的本質(zhì)特征，市場(chǎng)機(jī)制和社群機(jī)制也可以在福利國(guó)家的建設(shè)中發(fā)揮積極作用。福利國(guó)家建設(shè)并不一定與市場(chǎng)化建設(shè)相悖，也不一定會(huì)有損于市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行的效率，這一點(diǎn)同樣適用于社會(huì)。正如市場(chǎng)機(jī)制本身有多樣性一樣，福利國(guó)家的制度結(jié)構(gòu)也有多樣性。實(shí)施“積極的社會(huì)政策”，建設(shè)一個(gè)發(fā)展型福利國(guó)家，使之成為市場(chǎng)機(jī)制運(yùn)行的社會(huì)性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式轉(zhuǎn)型的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。

“積極社會(huì)政策”有很多形式，“發(fā)展型福利國(guó)家”也有很多發(fā)展模式。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式的轉(zhuǎn)型能否成功，關(guān)鍵在于我們能否在福利國(guó)家建設(shè)上拋棄陳腐的理念，從社會(huì)發(fā)展主義的新視角，重新探索社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的新路徑。

長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，中國(guó)在社會(huì)政策的變革與發(fā)展方面始終陷入一種零敲碎打的局面，缺乏一個(gè)持續(xù)有力的、一以貫之的、協(xié)調(diào)平衡的福利國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，這也是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式轉(zhuǎn)型不利的一個(gè)重要原因（吳木鑾、計(jì)巍巍，2013：38—49）。唯有清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，才能有效地推進(jìn)必要的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。簡(jiǎn)言之，如果能將增進(jìn)市場(chǎng)、激活社會(huì)、創(chuàng)新政府，亦即在市場(chǎng)機(jī)制、社群機(jī)制和行政機(jī)制如何相得益彰上做文章，福利國(guó)家的建設(shè)才能走上健康發(fā)展之路。正是在這一點(diǎn)上，中國(guó)的社會(huì)政策學(xué)者任重而道遠(yuǎn)。

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