Abstract

Throughout the ages，property can be said to be the barometer of stability，prosperity，prosperity，order and civilization in a certain sense. It is also an indicator of violence，revolution，war，turmoil and conflict.

For more than 2000 years，traditional Chinese property rights have been quite “poor”. In the philosophical sense property concept is not clear and the field of property rights is not clear. People value righteousness above profit in ideological and cultural significance. Material is scarce in economic significance. In legal sense rights is incomplete，legal system of property is imperfect，and judicial guarantees and relief are not smooth. Property relations are instability and uncoordination in the sense of sociology. In the political sense，it is difficult for property rights to get rid of the frequent infiltration，intervener，erosion and plundering of administrative power，etc. Although shaping of human nature and moral education have curbed the excessive expansion of personal desires and to a certain extent alleviated the scarcity，decrees and ordinances promulgated by the authoritarian centralization and old-fashioned nominal regulations in a certain sense have tempered property relations. However，with the economy and society to change intricately，with population pressure to increase property rights of “poverty” have brought great risks after all. The laws of the jungle are prevalent. Violent revolutions are endless. The dynastic change repeatedly and the vicious circle of disaster and chaos in the world is in danger.

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China more than sixty years ago，“property” has always been a hotspot and focus issue for the public and academic circles because it contains special meaning and people’s complex feelings for socialist countries and people who have experienced tortuous cognition and different feelings. Today，due to various reasons，people have misread and misunderstood the relationship between property concept，property logic and social formation（socialism）and a series of vague，one-sided and unscientific knowledge constituted handicap and hinder to the further development of China socialism. In a certain sense，it can be said that every emancipation of the ideology of Chinese people，every leapfrog development in the cause of reform and opening up，and the eventual formation of the decisive role played by the market in the allocation of resources are all related to transcending the barriers in the original understanding of the issue. First，during the relatively long period of time before the reform and opening up，under the influence of traditional planned economic thinking and the dogmatism of the former Soviet Union，people always equated “private property” with capitalism indiscriminately，“public property” with Socialism，Marxist theory property with “eliminating private property”. And people even equated having or no having property or how much property as an important criterion for judging people’s political advance and backwardness. This gross misunderstanding in theory has led to major mistakes in our practice. Social economy cannot rapid quickly and the material and living conditions of people cannot be effectively improved for a long period of time. Second，in China’s reform and opening up today，with the redefinition of the essence and the fundamental tasks of socialism，the change of major social contradictions，the transformation of the structure of interest relations and the surge in the number of assets，on the one hand，both the property concepts and the property possession of people have changed dramatically：from the evil of the property to the reversion of the property legitimacy，from almost no personal property of concept to the formation of property income and to seek release of property desire，from the possession and dispose of the personal property to create growing awareness of the property and sharp differentiation. On the other hand，there has been a series of chaotic in the value，the home，the significance，the final point of the property，with the increasingly prominent of property system arrangements.

In view of this，returning to Marx’s original context，“Critics and Transcendence” the existing reality and theory of property both inside and outside territory，and conducting an in-depth premise examination and “meta thinking” on the property issues，it is the right time to construct a theoretical system of socialist property theory based on Marx’s property theory and organically combined with the practice of socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. “Property and Risk：Logic and Methodological Consciousness of Marx’s Property Theory” is not only a new and important theoretical subject of interdisciplinary science at the theoretical level of scientific socialist property，but also a major practical issue. Its theoretical essence is to sort out the logic of “where to come” and “where to go” of modern issues caused by capital logic，market relations，individualism and liberalism，explore the relationship between modern property rights and social risk prevention and control，and reveal general methodological principles for preventing，controlling modern risks and governing property. Undoubtedly，this inherent logic and methodology principle plays a decisive role in the “capital presence”，the market’s decisive role in resource allocation，economic and social transformation，the traditional resources of property rights poverty，and the consequences of the current Chinese property governance dilemma in China to a certain extent，to show the essence of China’s property issues and its tendency to be purely speculative，or Westernized，or distorted by false property values，effectively to resist various “l(fā)eft” and right assets such as absolute egalitarianism and total privatization，and thus to provide an important methodological enlightenment for the establishment of a scientific socialist property concept，the prevention and control of risks，and the effective governance of property issues in contemporary China.

It should be acknowledged that in the historical process of the bourgeoisie ascending the political stage，under the combined effects of factors such as the abolition of feudal hierarchy privilege，the establishment of the private property rights system，the rapid development of the industrial revolution，the vigorous rise of the enclosure movement in a certain sense，and the laissez-faire property logic，capitalism like a sell called for enormous wealth from the ground，and Western Europe has achieved sustained and rapid economic growth，with undergoing unprecedented significant changes in total social wealth，economic structure，and real income per capita，etc. In a subtle way，the laissez-faire concept of protecting and promoting modern wealth，although to a certain extent fit the general appeal of society，but it reflected the nature of interests of the bourgeoisie，the nature of escorting the capitalist economy，and resulted absolute and uncontrolled capital rights，resulting in poverty，disease，alienation and modern wealth，turmoil，violence，sin and social order marriage. Regrettably，for the problem of modern social property in Western Europe in the first half of the 19th century and the various internal contradictions and conflicts of the capitalist society that led to the question of “where from” and “where to”，German traditional “speculative” property theory which entered “end stage”，British classical political economics degraded into a capital apologist，the rough，egalitarian French imaginative socialist property improvement theory，and the romanticism that fundamentally denies modern productivity and property efficiency，protecting tariffs and rejecting “capital logic” of nationalism，arrogant populism，extreme nationalism，vulgar economics，mercantilism，physiocratism，radicalism，retro conservatism，liberalism，etc，couldn’t make a profound “origin” thinking，and thus to a certain extent fell into the state of “aphasia”，“failure”，and “misplacement”. Obviously，“Property and Risk：logic and methodological consciousness of Marx’s property theory” is the crystallization of “original” of the Western European property reality and “copy” of the Western European property theory. The organic unity of “criticism and transcendence” is directly reflected in the construction process of Marx’s property theory.

On the whole，it is a process of gradual deepening，logical advancement，and constant precision for Marx’s “criticizing and transcending” on this major property reality and theoretical issue. First，it is the philosophical inquiry into modern social property issues. During the period of the “Rheinische Zeitung”，Marx encountered difficulty of “commenting opinions” on material interests. The combination of the shortcomings of the old system and the defects of the modern state itself，such as the absence of free newspapers for the smooth expression mechanism of material interests，the deprivation of the poor’s customary rights by “enlightened legislation” in modern times，and the invalidation of bureaucratic administrative governance，led to the “universality of poverty” along the Moselle River in the early days of Prussian marketization，which should be resolved by further fighting of the historical rights （political liberation） and realizing the ultimate value of the human right （the liberation of man）. During the period of the German-French Yearbook，Marx’s philosophical inquiry and solution to the modern property issue “Civil society determines the state and the law”，has reached the theoretical thinking path of dissecting modern society from the perspective of political economy. Second，from “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844” to “Communist of the Manifesto Party”，Marx realized the materialist historical interpretation of modern property issues. The revealing of the origin of alienated labor and its fate of modern property differentiation and the methodological interpretation of modern property issues in the process of constructing historical materialism are the signs of the initial establishment of scientific property theory. Marx clarified the dialectical relationship between the “property” category and the real property movement，and laid the methodology foundation for the final completion of the scientific property theory. Third，it is the construction of Marx’s property logic and methodology system. In Das Kapital and its manuscripts，Marx used the methodology of political economy to reveal the general laws of human social property movement and the special law of modern social property movement，contacting and interacting with the real world of their own time from content to form，comprehensively and scientifically answering the question of “where from” and “where to” for the entire human social property issue，including social property issues in Western Europe.

In the theory of Marx’s property，it can be properly grasped the nature of the property only through the relationship between things or persons and things into the relationship between the people. Only to correctly grasp the attributes and scale of the property，can we clarify the usefulness，scarcity and definition of the property，and reveal the scale of the property from the labor time to free time and its philosophical implication. Only to analysis the relationship between property and wealth，property rights thoroughly，can we clear the motion，the law and its trends of property characteristics. Paying attention to the social property reality in Western Europe，reflecting and criticizing various theoretical responses to it，and scientifically answering modern social property issues of “where to come” and “where to go” in Western Europe，Under the “criticism and transcendence” methodological principle of combining “original” reality with “copy” theory，Marx constructed a scientific property theory. In the process of “the transformation form national history to world history”，for “similar context”，“human communalism social property problem” of contemporary China，to form a high degree of Marx’s theory of property methodology consciously，can help to correctly understand and fully grasp the real property problems in China，set up scientific property values，to reject property on the doctrine of “center doctrine especially western centralism”，to step critically in real property，“to possess all positive achievements capitalism has created”，to evade way to explore China’s property or be speculative，or western，or distorted by the property of the error values orientation，thus realizing the effective governance of the property problem in contemporary China.

Obviously，it constitutes the logical basis of Marx’s property theory to criticize private property of the former human society，especially criticize capitalist private property and show the law and characteristics of the capitalist social property movement. Then，it constitutes the value doctrine of Marx’s property theory to transcend the reality and logic of capitalist social property，to explore theory of property generally and market economy generally，focusing on the logic of the capital of the proletariat，controlling relationship of the property，use of market economic means for the development of productive forces，and building a broad political economy which shows the traces of the old society with its birth and inevitably manifests itself as a “socialist society that has just emerged from the capitalist society” to a certain extent within the framework of “bourgeois legal rights”. Its “transcendences” mainly includes three aspects. First is the definition of the duality of the market economy and noncapitalism developing and the controlling of the Market Economy. In Marx’s original context，the market economy has dual properties productive forces and production relations：on the one hand，the market economy to achieve the optimal allocation of resources，and promote the rapid development of productive forces；on the other hand，the market economy and capital formation and eventually established closely related to the evolution of society morphology. Clear dual attributes of the market economy，socialism from capitalism to communism transition process in the future of socialism with Chinese characteristics is necessary to retain，use and develop the market economy，but also wary of capital property market economic factors in construction with Chinese characteristics a market economy，in dealing with the relationship between markets and government，market and society，to the extent possible，the rules of the market economy in the areas of economic life limit，restrict decisive role in the allocation of resources，the avoidance of negative effects to the maximum extent.Secondly，it is the content of the “humanity intrinsic” meaning in the field of property efficiency，that is，the property scarcity and property efficiency，the coordination of property interests in the process of rapid improvement，and the emphasis on “humanity intrinsic” of property sources and value in the property efficiency. In the era of history Capital also dominates the world，developing countries including China should make full use of the advantage to reduce the cost of property development，reduce the social turmoil caused by the dramatic increase in property. Therefore，to expand the total amount of property，we must develop production，expand circulation，develop domestic and foreign markets，and encourage fair competition. Besides，we must pay special attention to the coordination of property interests in the process of enhancing property. In one word，we must unify developing property especially a joint-stock form of property and curbing the property of capital against labor proprietary interest，unify learning capitalism and overstepping capitalism organically，and unify people，society and the natural environment to balance the relationship between “Jinshan Yinshan” wealth and the “green-green” wealth and the “human-centered” value of wealth to constitute a path of Chinese characteristic socialism of “managing capital logic”. The third is about the ethical implications of the market and the construction and improvement of a reasonable order of property circulation. The market circulation finally formed and developed in the process of the modern industrial revolution is closely related to capital. Thus to some extent it is reflected as a factor of capital，especially the irrational aspect of labor and capital exchange. But it should not be denied that “circulation is a certain historical product in terms of each of its factors，especially in terms of its entirety”，and thus market circulation has a certain natural historical attribute. In view of this，we can neither deny the side of the capital attribute of market circulation，thus limiting market circulation to the decisive role of resource allocation，nor can we deny the revolutionary role of market circulation. Market circulation “not only has met people’s needs，expanded people’s vision and communication，and promoted the development of productivity and division of labor”. Market circulation has broken through privilege，hierarchy，region and personal restraint，disintegrated ancient communities，promoted the formation of world interactions，and sublated society based on material dependence，and called for the free and all-round development of people’s personality and new society. In one word market circulation plays a revolutionary role. Therefore we should clearly define the intrinsic attributes of market circulation，such as freedom，equality，ownership，etc. We should clarify the ethical implications of the market circulation order，such as credit，contract. We should effectively avoid falsehoods market behavior，so as to better develop and control the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. Only in this way can we propose and explain the issue of “property and risk”，which is an epoch-making topic of cross-cutting human society.

Undoubtedly，as the starting point of our further research and the methods used for such research，it is an important methodological enlightenment for Marx’s property theory in the new era which has been winning the great victory of building a well-off society in an all-round way and winning the great victory of socialism with Chinese characteristics，especially to such aspects as govern orderly property relations，govern property creation model of a “people-centered” social property creation model，effectively govern the relationship of property interests. Today，in the new era but still in and will be in the primary stage of socialism for a long time in China，it is the greatest reality to correct development concept，improve the economic system，transform the development mode，optimize the economic structure，transform the growth momentum，resolve the problem of insufficient and imbalance development，break through the blockade of vested interests in the reform，effectively coordinate the relationship among property interests in the process of rapid property development，construct and perfect a reasonable order of property circulation so as to truly realize fairness and justice in production，possession，distribution and circulation. We have made great achievements that have attracted the world’s attention. The total GDP has jumped to the second in the world，and the total amount of social property has greatly increased. However，there are also fetters hindering economic and property benign development. The property rights legal system is not perfect and imperfect，the behavior of the property to possess，to control，to trade，to revenue has not yet been brought into the orbit of the rule of law，resulting in some illegal and abnormal ways of “getting rich” such as infringement，power and money transaction，insider control，power and capital union，which leads to the disorder of market economic order and property order. The way of economic developing rapidly and the property enhancing quickly is nonscientific. The definition of government and market is unclear and uncoordinated in resource allocation，the development quality is not high，the benefits are not good，the green development concept is not strong，and the ability of innovation is insufficient. Besides，the awareness of total factor productivity，especially the priority of human resources factor productivity needs to be strengthened，the growing needs for a better life for the people and the imbalance of social property development is inadequate，and property interests after the rapid increase of the total social property is disharmonious，lack of coordination，leading to the income gap the continuous expansion tendency，and so on. The question is raised as the answer to the question. In contemporary China where capital is present and the market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources，“similar context” and “human common social property issues”，under the guidance of Marxist property theory in China，social risks are analyzed from the perspective of property rights，orderly property relations are governed by law，property interests are constantly coordinated，a “people-centered” property creation model is constructed，and “new development concept” and “people-centered” development ideas run through all aspects of property system construction and property governance by law to promote the harmonious development of man and man，man and society，man and nature.

Keywords：Property and Risk；Marx；The Logic of Marx’s Property Theory；Methodological consciousness；Contemporary inspiration