(3) 關于“lawfare”的概念,參Orde F. Kittrie, Lawfare: Law as a Weapon of War, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016。
(4) 這也是Barney Warf 和 Santa Arias在The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives一書中做出的判斷。Barney Warf & Santa Arias edi., The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, London & New York: Routeledge, 2009, pp. 2-3.筆者與之共享對于19世紀主流意識的判斷,然而對于“空間”在20世紀何以獲得更高的地位,筆者更強調各種結構性力量的互動,而非少數學者的著述。
(5) 拉采爾(Friedrich Ratzel)的學生、瑞典政治學家約翰·魯道夫·凱勒(Johan Rudolf Kjellén)是從政治地理學向地緣政治學發展的承上啟下的人物。關于這一發展進程,可參Joe Painter & Alex Jeffery, Political Geography, London: Sage, 2009; Colin Flint, Introduction to Geopolitics, Lodon: Routledge, 2017。
(7) Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1992.
(8) Louis Menand,“Francis Fukuyama Postpones the End of History”, New Yorker, September 3, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/09/03/francis-fukuyama-postpones-the-end-of-history.
(9) Thomas L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century, New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005
(10) Mark Leonard, What Does China Think? London: Fourth Estate, 2008.
(11) Quint Forgey,“Trump: ‘I′m a nationalist’,”October 22, 2018. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/22/trump-nationalist-926745,2020年2月25日最后訪問。
(13) Robbie Gramer & Keith Johnson,“Tillerson Praises Monroe Doctrine, Warns Latin America of ‘Imperial’ Chinese Ambitions,”February 2, 2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/02/tillerson-praises-monroe-doctrine-warns-latin-america-off-imperial-chinese-ambitions-mexico-south-america-nafta-diplomacy-trump-trade-venezuela-maduro/.
(14) Interview with U.S. National Security Adviser John Bolton, March 3, 2019, http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1903/03/sotu.01.html.
(15) “John Bolton and the Monroe Doctrine,”The Economist, May 9, 2019, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/05/09/john-bolton-and-the-monroe-doctrine.
(16) James Petras ,“Latin America in the Time of Trump: US Domination and The Neo-Monroe Doctrine,”April 23, 2018, https://www.globalresearch.ca/latin-america-in-the-time-of-trump-us-domination-and-the-neo-monroe-doctrine/5637399.
(17) “新門羅主義”的概念,在歷史上曾經多次出現。筆者使用Proquest美國報刊數據庫發現,以下美國英語報刊在以下年份發表過標題中包含“New Monroe Doctrine”字樣的文章:Bankers’ Magazine(1911年第2期),The Graphic(1896年第1期),Outlook(1898年8月27日,1905年2月11日),Advocate of Peace(1896年第2期),The North American Review(1905年第4期),The Youth’s Companion(1916年第1期),International Marine Engineering(1917年第5期),The Living Age(1921年12月10日),The Spectator(1896年1月25日),至于正文中包含“New Monroe Doctrine”字樣的報刊文章,更是數不勝數。“門羅主義”概念在歷史中不斷獲得新的解釋,使得“新門羅主義”的討論,在各個時代都有可能發生。
(19) Gaddis Smith, The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine: 1945-1993, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994.
(20) Graham Allison,“The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers,”Foreign Affairs, March/April 2020.
(21) Gaddis Smith, The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine: 1945-1993.
(22) Keith Johnson,“Kerry Makes It Official: Era of Monroe Doctrine is Over,”The Wall Street Journal, November 18, 2013.
(23) Steven F. Jackson,“Does China Have a Monroe Doctrine? Evidence for Regional Exclusion,”Strategic Studies Quarterly Vol. 10, No. 4, 2016, pp. 64-89. Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007, p. 11.
(24) Ko Unoki, International Relations and the Origins of the Pacific War, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, pp. 177-195.
(25) Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1826-1867, Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1933; Dexter Perkins, Monroe Doctrine, 1867-1907, Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937; Dexter Perkins, A History of the Monroe Doctrine, Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1955.
(26) Jay Sexton, The Monroe Doctrine: Empire and Nation in Nineteenth-Century America, New York: Hill and Wang, 2011.
(27) Francis Anthony Boyle, Foundations of World Order: The Legalist Approach to International Relations(1898-1922), Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999.
(28) Juan Pablo Scarfi, The Hidden History of International Law in the Americas: Empire and Legal Networks, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
(29) Christopher Rossi, Whiggish International Law: Elihu Root, the Monroe Doctrine, and International Law in the Americas, Leiden & Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2019.
(30) Juan Pablo Scarfi,“Denaturalizing the Monroe Doctrine: The Rise of Latin American Legal Anti-Imperialism in the Face of the Modern US and Hemispheric Redefinition of the Monroe Doctrine,”Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 33, Issue 3, pp. 541-555.
(31) 這里還值得一提的是Arnulf Becker Lorca,Mestizo International Law:A Global Intellectual Hisotory 1842-1933,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014。該書部分內容涉及了“門羅主義”與國際法之間的糾纏。法斯賓德與彼得斯合編的《牛津國際法史手冊》對于拉丁美洲區域國際法的討論,簡略地提到“門羅主義”的影響。見[德]巴多·法斯賓德、[德]安妮·彼得斯主編:《牛津國際法史手冊》,上海:上海三聯書店2020年版,第539—564頁。
(32) Gretchen Murphy, Hemispheric Imaginings: The Monroe Doctrine and Narratives of U.S. Empire, Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2005
(33) Grace Livingstone, America’s Backyard: The United States & Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror, London & New York: Zed Books, 2009.
(34) Alton Frye, Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933-1941, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
(35) Lothar Gruchmann, Nationalsozialistische Gro?raumordnung. Die Konstruktion einer“deutschen Monroe-Doktrin”, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1962.
(41) Martti Koskenniemi, Walter Rech & Manuel Jiménez Fonseca edi., International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 1-20.
(42) Jennifer Pitts, Boundaries of the International: Law and Empire, Cambridge & London: Havard University Press, 2018.
(44) Samuel Moyn & Andrew Sartori edi., Global Intellectual History, New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, pp. 5-8.
(45) 相關作品,如Andrew F. Smith, Sugar: A Global History, London: Reaktion Books, 2015; Helen Saberi, Tea: A Global History, London: Reaktion Books, 2010; Jonathan Morris, Coffee: A Global History, London: Reaktion Books, 2018; Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, Les Traites Négrières: Essai d’Histoire Globale, Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2004:Tom Ginsburg,“The Global Spread of Constitutional Review,”Keith E. Whittington, R. Daniel Kelemen & Gregory A. Caldeira edi., The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 81-98。
(46) David Armitage, The Declaration of Independence: A Global History, Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press, 2008.
(47) Perry Anderson, The H-Word: The Peripeteia of Hegemony, London: Verso, 2017. 中譯本為[英]佩里·安德森:《原霸:霸權的演變》,李巖譯,北京:當代世界出版社2020年版。
(48) Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
(50) Carlo Ginzburg, Raymond Rosenthal trans., Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, p. 15.
(51) 關于“Monroe Doctrine”一詞出現的具體時間,參見Paul Dickson, Words from the White House: Words and Phrases Coined or Popularized by America’s Presidents, New York: Walker Books, 2013, p. 106。
(52) John Bassett Moore,“The Monroe Doctrine,”The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 96, The Place of the United States in a World Organization for the Maintenance of Peace(July 1921), pp. 31-33.“America for the Americans”作為一個口號,發源于19世紀40—50年代美國出現的反天主教移民的“一無所知”(know nothing)運動。1854年,這一運動的領導組織改組為“美國人黨”(American Party),該黨在1856年的總統大選中,公開喊出了“America for the Americans”的口號,以動員本土新教徒反對天主教移民。參見Robert North Roberts et al., Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia, Vol.1, Santa Babara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012, p. 17。由于圍繞奴隸制的斗爭激化,該黨的反移民議程未能在選舉中成為主流,該黨勢力也為美國的兩大政黨所吸收。但“America for the Americans”這一口號卻流傳了下來,并被運用于倡導“門羅主義”的場景。
(53) Charles Francis Adams edi., Memoires of John Quincy Adams, Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848, Vol 6, Philadelphia: J B. Lippincott & CO., 1875, pp. 177-178.
(58) 更為系統的探討,參見Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019。
(59) Stanley Shaloff edi., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Vol. XVIII: Africa, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1989, pp. 164-165.
(61) Richard B. Day, Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation, Cambrdige & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973, p. 167.
(62) Neville Meaney, The Search for Security in the Pacific, 1901-1914, Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2009, p. 16. Merze Tate,“The Australsian Monroe Doctrine,”Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 2(June 1961), pp. 264-284. Cait Storr,“‘Imperium in Imperio’: Sub-Imperialism and the Formation of Australia as a Subject of International Law,”Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2018, pp. 335-368.
(63) James R. Holmes & Toshi Yoshihara,“India’s ‘Monroe Doctrine’and the Gulf,”Jefferey R. Macris & Saul Kelly, Imperial Crossroads: The Great Powers and the Persian Gulf, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2012, pp. 147-166.
(64) Robert A. Hill edi., The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. IX: Africa for the Africans, 1921-1922, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995, p. 115.
(65) Walter Feichtinger, Sorting Out the Mess: Wars, Conflicts, and Conflict Management in West Africa, Wien: Landesverteidigungsakademie, 2007, p. 50.
(66) Walter Ullmann,“The Development of the Medieval Idea of Sovereignty,”English Historical Review, Vol. 64, No. 250, 1949, pp. 1-33.
(69) 魯特避免直接討論1904年的“羅斯福推論”,而是引用了老羅斯福1906年12月3日的國會講話,該講話稱“門羅主義”并不意味著美國的優越地位或對美洲國家行使保護權。鑒于老羅斯福說過“溫言在口,大棒在手”(Speak softly and carry a big stick),魯特引用的這番講話,可以被理解為老羅斯福“溫言”的一部分。Elihu Root,“The Real Monroe Doctrine,”The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 8, No. 3(July 1914), pp. 427-442.
(70) Julian Go通過對大英帝國與美帝國的比較,破除“美國例外主義”論述,頗為發人深省。Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 67-102.
(71) La Rochefoucauld, John Heard, Jr. trans., La Rochefoucauld Maxims, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2006, p. 27.
(82) Herfried Münkler, Macht in der Mitte: Die neuen Aufgaben Deutschlands in Europa, Hamburg: Edition K?rber-Stiftung, 2015.
(83) Emmanuel Macron,“Initiative for Europe”(Sorbonne Speech, September 26, 2017), http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2017/09/29/macron-sorbonne-verbatim-europe-18583.html.
(85) 有代表性的論述,如Steven F. Jackson,“Does China Have a Monroe Doctrine? Evidence for Regional Exclusion,”Strategic Studies Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2016, pp. 64-89; Changhoon CHA,“China’s Westward March: Strategic Views of One Belt, One Road,”The Korean Journal of International Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3(December 2017), pp. 483-500。另一種指責是認為中國的南海政策體現出中國式的“門羅主義”,參見Christopher Rossi, Whiggish International Law: Elihu Root, the Monroe Doctrine, and International Law in the Americas, Leiden & Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2019, pp. 196-200。
(86) Lynne M. Tracy,“The United States and the New Silk Road,”October 25, 2013, https://2009-2017. state.gov/p/sca/rls/rmks/2013/215906.htm.
(89) Remarks by President Trump to the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-72nd-session-united-nations-general-assembly.
(92) Sascha D. Meinrath, James W. Losey & Victor W. Picard,“Digital Feudalism: Enclosures and Erasures from Digital Rights Management to the Digital Divide,”Advances in Computers, Vol. 81, 2011, pp. 237-287. 另見王紹光:《新技術革命與國家理論》,《中央社會主義學院學報》2019年第5期。