第10章　陶土雕塑

“赤陶”是一種經過燒制的泥土。花盆、磚塊，都屬于陶土制品；也就是說，它們都是一種經過燒制、變成了褐紅色的泥土或者黏土。你們可能都用泥巴做過東西，比如杯子呀，盤子呀；而古希臘人也曾用同樣的方法，用同樣的材料，即泥巴或黏土，制作過人物雕像呢。他們曾經用黏土制作出比玩具娃娃更小的微型女性雕像，然后再放入火中燒制，從而使得這些雕像不會破碎。燒制的過程，便將這些雕像變成了赤陶。

當時有一種風俗，那就是將這些稱為“陶俑”或者“小雕像”的小型人物雕塑品放進墳墓里；人們已經發掘出成千上萬件這樣的小雕像，并將它們保存進了博物館。由于它們最初是從希臘一個叫作塔納格拉的小鎮發掘出來的，因此所有這些小塑像都被稱為“塔納格拉陶俑”。它們通常都是手搖扇子或者打著遮陽傘的女性陶俑，并且全部都衣著精美呢。是的，古希臘的貴婦們都有扇子和遮陽傘，與你們如今偶爾還能在電影或者戲劇里看到那種扇子和遮陽傘很相似。但古希臘雕塑與眾不同的一點是，這些女性人物身上的穿戴，全都齊整得很呢。

絕大多數小陶俑都是原創作品，但其中也有一些是大型雕塑的仿制品。由于許多的大型雕塑作品都不復存在了，因此這些小型的陶俑仿制品便向我們展示出了原作的模樣。不過，它們呈現出來的東西可不僅于此。如果你們想要弄明白古希臘人

than real people.But these terra-cotta statuettes are copied from everyday Greeks.They show ordinary people in everyday activities.

Many of the figurines were painted in bright colors. Some had tiny necklaces of real gold or held bronze ornaments in their hands.But on many of them, the only color left is the brownish red of the clay from which they were formed.To make each figurine the same but a little bit different, they were made of parts like a doll.The heads, arms, and legs were made in separate molds.Then the sculptor would put these parts onto the bodies in different combinations in order to make each figurine the way he thought best.

Figurines were made for the dead；lamps were made for the living. Lamps, which every house had to have, were decorated with figures in low relief.Lamps today, of course, are electric and quite different from those in ancient Greece.These old lamps were very small, seldom larger than your hand, and were made either of terra cotta or bronze.They had a hole in which a twisted piece of string-like cloth was stuffed to make a wick.They held olive

究竟是個什么樣子，那就到博物館里去看一看這些小陶俑吧。那些大型的、著名的大理石雕像，雕刻的都是眾神、運動員和勇士。它們差不多全都過于完美，不是真實的古希臘人。而這些小陶俑所描摹的，卻都是古希臘人在日常生活中的樣子。它們所刻畫的，都是普通百姓日常生活的場景。

許多小陶俑上，都漆有亮麗的顏色。有些小陶俑的脖子上，還掛著真金制成的微型項鏈，或者是手中拿著青銅首飾呢。不過，其中的許多陶俑，如今都只剩下制作這些陶俑所用的黏土本來的那種褐紅色了。為了讓每尊陶俑都一模一樣，只有細微的差別，它們都是像如今制作玩具娃娃的工序一樣，用不同的部位組裝起來的。頭部、胳膊和腿都是用不同的模具進行制作。然后，雕塑家會按照不同的組合方式，將這些部位安裝到陶俑身體上去，以便讓每尊小陶俑都變成雕塑家心中所想的最佳樣子。

這些小陶俑是為死者制作的，而燈具卻是為活著的人而制作出來的。每家每戶所必需的油燈，上面都雕有淺浮雕的裝飾圖案。如今我們所用的燈具當然是電燈，與古希臘人所用的油燈已經完全不同了。那些古老的油燈尺寸都很小，幾乎大不過你們的手掌，并且要么是用陶土制成，要么便是用青銅制成的。油燈上面有一個孔，人們把一條用布擰成的細繩穿過這個孔，塞入油燈里當燈芯。燈中盛著的是橄

oil or grease that soaked the wick and made it burn when lighted.These lamps gave no more light than a burning match and that was all the light people had at night.Perhaps they did not need more light because they went to bed earlier than we do.The lamps often had Greek gods, goddesses, or other mythological characters on the tops or sides.

Lamps were made in molds, and hundreds or even thousands of lamps were made from one mold. Some of the old molds have been dug up out of the ground and are used to make modern reproductions that are sold today as souvenirs to travelers.Old lamps made of bronze have a patina-a greenish finish showing a softening of the surface that comes with age.New reproductions of lamps made of bronze are sometimes dipped in acid to make them look old, but they have sharper edges than the old lamps and the finish made by the acid bath does not look the same as that eaten away by time.If the reproductions are made of clay, the lamps look cleaner cut and fresher than the old ones.So if you are thinking of buying an ancient lamp, be sure to notice the patina or the freshness of the clay.

Now far away from Greece is another ancient land-China. There was a time when the subjects of the Chinese emperor had their lives saved by terra cotta.Can you imagine how?

Well, in 250 B. C.the first Chinese Emperor Qin Shih Huang Ti made everyone very happy when he decided not to do what his father had done, which was to bury his servants and soldiers alive with him when he died.Instead he had sculptors make life-size terra-cotta replicas of each and every servant and soldier.You see, the emperor had not had an

欖油或者動物油脂，燈芯浸透油脂之后，點著就會燃燒。這些油燈，比一根劃著的火柴亮不了多少，可那時的人，晚上全靠這個照明呢。沒準他們并不需要太亮，因為當時的人都比我們睡得早。油燈的頂上或者側面，通常都雕有古希臘眾神或其他的神話人物形象。

油燈是用模具制成的，而一個模具可以制造出數百盞甚至數千盞油燈來。我們已經出土了一些古老的模具，并且用它們制造出了現代的仿制品，然后再將這些仿制油燈當成紀念品賣給游客。歷史悠久的青銅油燈上，會形成一層銅綠，即一種綠色的表層，表明隨著時間的推移，油燈的表面已經軟化了。人們有時會把新仿制出來的青銅油燈放入酸液中浸泡，使它們看上去顯得古舊；但它們的邊緣會比真正的古燈清晰，而經過浸酸做舊形成的表層，看上去也會與長時間腐蝕形成的表層不一樣。假如仿制品是用陶土做成的，那么油燈的外形輪廓就會比真正的古燈更清晰，顏色也會更鮮艷。因此，假如打算購買一盞古燈的話，那你們一定得注意油燈表面的銅綠，或者陶土顏色的鮮艷程度才行。

注意，在離古希臘很遠的地方，還有另一個古國，那就是中國。曾經有過那么一個時期，陶土還救了中國皇帝及其手下臣民的性命呢。你們想象得出那是怎么一回事嗎？

好吧，在公元前250年，中國的第一任皇帝秦始皇決心不走自己父親的老路，決定自己死后，不再將手下的仆從和士兵活埋來殉葬，這讓國人十分高興。他命雕塑匠人給自己手下的每一個仆從和士兵都制作了真人大小的陶俑。你們都知道，

easy time during his life and he knew he needed protection in the afterlife.

Brightly painted uniformed bowmen, infantrymen, and charioteers had distinct hands and faces, each with different features and expressions. Their hands and heads were detachable, carefully fashioned to match each man in the army just as they were in real life.

Can you imagine how they were found after all this time?Well, one day more than two thousand years later, a farmer was digging for a well. Instead of finding water, he found six thousand terra-cotta warriors-all buried underground in a vast field.Was he surprised！So when you go digging in your backyard next time, remember the farmer in the fields in China just in case you, too, find the surprise of your life.

這位皇帝生前并沒有過上什么安逸的日子，因此他明白自己在來生需要這些人的保護。

這些陶俑都涂上了亮麗的顏色，并且著裝統一，里面有弓箭手、步兵和駕駛戰車的人；它們都有著獨特的雙手和臉龐，并且每個人都有著不同的容貌和表情。它們的雙手和頭部是可以拆卸的，并且都經過精心制作，以符合軍中每一個人的實際情況。

你們想不想得出，經歷這么久的時間之后，人們是怎樣發現它們的呢？好吧，兩千多年后的一天，一名農夫正在打井。他并沒有打出水來，卻發現了六千尊兵馬俑；它們全都深埋于地下一片廣袤的區域內。他驚訝得目瞪口呆！因此，下次你們再在自家后院挖掘的時候，可要記得那個在地里打井的中國農夫哦；說不定，你們也會因此而發現生活中的驚喜呢。