???第一節(jié) 國(guó)外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家實(shí)踐
Section One Practice of Developed Countries Abroad

一、德國(guó)：以“工業(yè)4.0”重構(gòu)產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)

1. Germany: Reconstructing Industrial Ecology with“Industry 4.0”

“工業(yè)4.0”緣于2008年金融危機(jī)。當(dāng)時(shí)德國(guó)提出，工程和制造業(yè)等核心行業(yè)要做出改變，變得更有效率，才能夠渡過(guò)金融危機(jī)。歷時(shí)三年討論，2011年落地。“工業(yè)4.0”經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)發(fā)展階段：柔性化、定制化生產(chǎn)，企業(yè)從產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)向服務(wù)平臺(tái)演進(jìn)，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)讓工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。德國(guó)認(rèn)為，未來(lái)7年，最重要的技術(shù)趨勢(shì)是數(shù)字孿生，虛擬世界和物理世界徹底打通，員工能力和商業(yè)模式徹底重構(gòu)，但任何一家企業(yè)都不可能憑一己之力做到這些，聚焦核心、打造生態(tài)，是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)型企業(yè)的普遍做法。德國(guó)“工業(yè)4.0”側(cè)重以下幾個(gè)方向。第一，運(yùn)用新的技術(shù)變革，其中最重要的技術(shù)是數(shù)字孿生。產(chǎn)品在物理世界真實(shí)存在之前就已經(jīng)在虛擬數(shù)字世界中存在，一旦有了數(shù)字孿生，就可以虛擬設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品，可以模擬市場(chǎng)，可以把產(chǎn)品配置成客戶需要的樣子，可以設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品性能和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，所有的一切都可以在數(shù)字化世界中完成，不需要任何物理世界中的操作。第二，要重新思考產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)成要素，重新考慮產(chǎn)品如何設(shè)計(jì)和驗(yàn)證，重新思考如何驗(yàn)證這些產(chǎn)品，讓這些產(chǎn)品能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)新的功能。例如客戶買的不是機(jī)車，而是交通能力，這是完全不同的商業(yè)模式。如果企業(yè)提供高質(zhì)量及時(shí)的交通，而且有很好的客戶體驗(yàn)，就可以獲得溢價(jià)，這就變成一個(gè)服務(wù)行業(yè)，與制造行業(yè)不一樣，賣出產(chǎn)品之后通過(guò)服務(wù)獲得利潤(rùn)。第三，“工業(yè)4.0”進(jìn)入了新的層面，就是自動(dòng)化升級(jí)，隨之而來(lái)的變化是新工種和對(duì)新工作能力的需求，因?yàn)椤肮I(yè)4.0”的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者在創(chuàng)造新的工作崗位。對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者來(lái)說(shuō)，他們把供應(yīng)鏈帶回國(guó)內(nèi)，也意味著需要重新去培訓(xùn)員工來(lái)做一些很重要的新工作，工作種類在發(fā)生改變。對(duì)于德國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，制造業(yè)是強(qiáng)項(xiàng)，在 B2B 方面非常強(qiáng)，但是B2C行業(yè)不是很強(qiáng)，將來(lái)會(huì)用人工智能、機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和機(jī)器人來(lái)搭建基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)，實(shí)現(xiàn)定制產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)①。

“Industry 4.0”came from the financial crisis in 2008. At that time, Germany proposed that core industries such as engineering and manufacturing should make changes and become more efficient in order to survive the financial crisis. It was launched in 2011 after three years of discussion. “Industry 4.0”has experienced three stages of development: flexible and customized production; evolution of enterprise from product platform to service platform;industrial Internet realized by using Internet of things technology. Germany believed that in the next seven years, the most important technology trend is the digital twin. The virtual world and the physical world will be completely opened up, and the employees' ability and business mode will be completely reconstructed. However, no enterprise can do this on its own. The common practice of leading enterprises is to focus on the core and build ecology. Germany's“Industry 4.0”focuses on the following directions. The first is to use new technological changes, the most important one of which is the digital twin. Products exist in the virtual digital world before they exist in the physical world. Once there is a digital twin, products can be designed virtually, markets can be simulated, products can be configured as customers need, and product performance and experience can be designed, all of which can be completed in the digital world without any operation in the physical world. Second, it should rethink the components of products, how to design and verify products, and how to verify these products so that these products can achieve new functions. For example, what customers want are not vehicles, but the transportation capacity. This is a completely different business model. If an enterprise provides high-quality and timely transportation, and has a good customer experience, it can get a premium and become a service industry. Unlike the manufacturing industry，it will make profits through services after selling products. Third, “Industry 4.0”has entered a new level of automation upgrading, followed by changes such as the demand for new types of work and new working abilities, because the leaders of“Industry 4.0”are creating new jobs. Leaders bring the supply chain back home country, which means that they need to retrain their employees to do some critical new jobs, and types of their jobs are changing. For Germany, manufacturing industry is a strong point. It is solid in B2B, but not in B2C industry. In the future, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robots will be used to build infrastructure and realize customized products and services.

二、美國(guó)：以新能源、先進(jìn)制造和大數(shù)據(jù)引領(lǐng)新經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

2. The United States: Leading the Development of New Economy with New Energy, Advanced Manufacturing and Big Data

新能源革命對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。以含油砂、重油、氣變油以及其他液態(tài)油為代表的非常規(guī)能源，重塑了美國(guó)的能源格局，并在就業(yè)和政府收入方面對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。如烴類能源的生產(chǎn)會(huì)促進(jìn)石油化工、化肥、合成樹脂、鐵、鋼材、玻璃、造紙以及塑料加工等依賴天然氣生產(chǎn)的行業(yè)的發(fā)展，并會(huì)在服務(wù)業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、運(yùn)輸業(yè)、貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生更深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

The new energy revolution has had a profound impact on the American economy. Unconventional energy, such as oil sands, heavy oil, steam-turned oil and other liquid oil, has reshaped the energy pattern of the United States, and has had a profound impact on the U. S. economy in terms of employment and government revenue. For example, the production of hydrocarbon energy will promote the development of industries that rely on natural gas production, such as petrochemical industry, chemical fertilizer, synthetic resin, iron, steel, glass, papermaking and plastic processing, and will have a more far-reaching impact on the industry of service, construction, transportation and trade.

先進(jìn)制造業(yè)帶動(dòng)了美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。先進(jìn)制造業(yè)以其涉及領(lǐng)域廣、產(chǎn)品附加值高的特點(diǎn)，帶動(dòng)了美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。制造業(yè)在美國(guó)歷史上發(fā)揮著重要作用，是支撐美國(guó)綜合國(guó)力保持世界領(lǐng)先的重要基石。但一段時(shí)間以來(lái)，制造業(yè)的日趨弱勢(shì)與以金融為代表的虛擬經(jīng)濟(jì)的相對(duì)強(qiáng)勢(shì)，增加了美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不穩(wěn)定性，也加劇了貧富差距，助長(zhǎng)了兩極分化。2008年爆發(fā)的金融危機(jī)使美國(guó)人意識(shí)到，虛擬經(jīng)濟(jì)需要堅(jiān)實(shí)的實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)作為支撐。為此，美國(guó)政府提出了“再工業(yè)化”和“重振美國(guó)制造業(yè)”的戰(zhàn)略，試圖通過(guò)引導(dǎo)制造業(yè)企業(yè)的回流來(lái)增強(qiáng)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的厚度，創(chuàng)造更多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。

Advanced manufacturing industry drives the development of American economy. Advanced manufacturing industry, with its wide range and high added value of products, has driven the development of American economy. The manufacturing industry plays an important role in the history of the United States and is an important cornerstone to support the United States' comprehensive national strength and maintain its leading position globally. However, for some time, the manufacturing industry's weakness and the relative strength of virtual economy typically in finance have increased the instability of American economy, widened the gap between the rich and the poor and led to polarization. After the financial crisis in 2008, Americans realize that the virtual economy needs solid real economy as support. Therefore, the U. S. government puts forward the strategy of“reindustrialization”and“revitalizing the U.S. manufacturing industry”, trying to enhance the strength of the U.S. economy and create more employment opportunities by guiding the return of manufacturing enterprises.

大數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新動(dòng)能。數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代孕育著海量的數(shù)字資源。電子支付的普及、網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的興起、社交媒體的活躍，以及新型可穿戴設(shè)備，造就了指數(shù)級(jí)增長(zhǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)資源。根據(jù)麥肯錫全球研究所的報(bào)告，大數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用每年可為美國(guó)帶來(lái)6 100億美元的產(chǎn)值。其中，在零售業(yè)和制造業(yè)領(lǐng)域，每年帶動(dòng)產(chǎn)值的增加額可達(dá)到1 550億～3 250億美元；在醫(yī)療保健和政府服務(wù)領(lǐng)域，每年也會(huì)帶來(lái)約2 850億美元的成本結(jié)余，間接促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)①。

Big data industry provides new growth drivers for economic development. The era of digital economy is pregnant with massive digital resources. The popularity of electronic payment, the rise of online shopping, social media dynamics, and new wearable devices have created exponential growth of data resources. According to McKinsey Global Research Institute, the application of big data can bring 610 billion US dollars of output value every year. Among them, retail and manufacturing, the annual increase in output value can reach 155 billion－325 billion US dollars; in the fields of health care and government services, the annual cost balance will also bring about 285 billion US dollars, indirectly promoting economic growth.

三、英國(guó)：頂層規(guī)劃引領(lǐng)智慧城市建設(shè)

3. UK: Top-Level Plan Leading the Construction of Smart City

2013年，英國(guó)倫敦出臺(tái)《智慧倫敦規(guī)劃》，旨在“利用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的創(chuàng)造力來(lái)服務(wù)倫敦并提高倫敦市民生活質(zhì)量”②。規(guī)劃提出將人、技術(shù)與數(shù)據(jù)有效整合，以集成、創(chuàng)新的方式解決城市治理問(wèn)題。一是以人和企業(yè)為核心，創(chuàng)建“對(duì)話倫敦（Talk London）網(wǎng)上社區(qū)”，鼓勵(lì)和幫助“倫敦人”參與社會(huì)治理。二是促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)整合與共享，構(gòu)建一站式數(shù)據(jù)開放平臺(tái)——“倫敦?cái)?shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)”，實(shí)現(xiàn)交通、安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、旅游等跨部門跨行政區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)的整合與共享。三是發(fā)展數(shù)字技術(shù)與人工智能，創(chuàng)設(shè)市長(zhǎng)出口計(jì)劃，組織智慧城市領(lǐng)域的中小技術(shù)企業(yè)參加貿(mào)易使團(tuán)赴海外開拓新市場(chǎng)。四是加強(qiáng)數(shù)字技術(shù)與城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的融合，在公共交通系統(tǒng)使用非接觸式支付卡（CPCs）提高通行效率，將采集到的數(shù)據(jù)用于優(yōu)化交通管理。倫敦智慧城市建設(shè)成效顯著，在2018年“IESE 城市動(dòng)態(tài)指數(shù)”排行榜中獲評(píng)“全球最佳智慧城市”。

In 2013, London issued the“Smart London Plan”, aiming to“use the creativity of advanced technology to serve London and improve Londoners' quality of life”. The plan proposes to effectively integrate people, technology and data to solve urban governance problems in an integrated and innovative way. The first is to create the online community“Talk London”with people and enterprises as the core to encourage and help“Londoners”to participate in social governance. The second is to promote data integration and shared, build a one-stop open data platform —“London Data Warehouse”, and realize the cross-department and cross-region integration and share of data among transportation, safety, economy, tourism, etc. The third is to develop digital technology and artificial intelligence, make the export plan by Mayor of London, and organize small and medium technology enterprises in the smart city to participate in trade missions to open up new markets overseas. Fourth, strengthen the integration of digital technology and urban infrastructure, use contactless payment cards （CPCs）in public transport system to improve traffic efficiency, and use the collected data to optimize traffic management. London has made remarkable achievements in the construction of smart city and was rated as“The Best Smart City in the World”in the“IESE City Dynamic Index”in 2018.

四、加拿大：政企合作開發(fā)未來(lái)城市和打造數(shù)字生活互動(dòng)場(chǎng)

4. Canada: Cooperation Between Government and Enterprise to Develop Future City and Create Interactive Field of Digital Life

2017年10月，谷歌Sidewalk Labs宣稱，計(jì)劃在加拿大多倫多市開發(fā)名為Quayside的“未來(lái)城”，旨在利用創(chuàng)新性乃至具有革新性的方法實(shí)現(xiàn)城市更新，解決公共空間不足、可持續(xù)發(fā)展、交通擁堵等城市問(wèn)題，打造未來(lái)城市平臺(tái)。一是以論證性為導(dǎo)向的未來(lái)城市藍(lán)圖設(shè)計(jì)，推進(jìn)法規(guī)修改與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。通過(guò)專家咨詢、公眾反饋等多方論證，以多媒介面向大眾公開文件進(jìn)展與更新，推出總體創(chuàng)新與發(fā)展計(jì)劃。二是全面布局城市感知系統(tǒng)。通過(guò)開發(fā)不包含具體器件的框架，注重打造“城市USB端口”，方便社區(qū)、公共場(chǎng)所等地快速安裝感知設(shè)備，幫助城市形成為居民、企業(yè)服務(wù)的全感知網(wǎng)絡(luò)。三是在城市設(shè)計(jì)上注重居民體驗(yàn)：通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)路邊臺(tái)階街道，方便行人與自行車匯入；同時(shí)將街道與多倫多的輕軌系統(tǒng)相連，實(shí)現(xiàn)出行無(wú)感連結(jié)；通過(guò)路邊感應(yīng)器設(shè)計(jì)，收集相關(guān)交通數(shù)據(jù)，管理多運(yùn)輸方式流量情況，為未來(lái)自動(dòng)駕駛汽車打下基礎(chǔ)①。

In October 2017, Google Sidewalk Labs announced that it plans to develop a“future city”named Quayside in Toronto, Canada. It aims to use innovative methods to realize urban renewal, solve urban problems such as insufficient public space, sustainable development and traffic congestion, and build a future urban platform. The first is the blueprint design of the future city oriented by argumentation, revision of laws and regulations and infrastructure construction. Through multi-party argumentation such as expert consultation, public feedback, it declares the progress and update of documents to the public through multi-media and launches the overall innovation and development plan;the second is to comprehensively layout the city perception system. Developing a framework with no specific devices, it focuses on building“urban USB port”to facilitate the rapid installation of sensing devices in communities and public places, and help the city form a full sensing network to serve residents and enterprises. The third is to pay attention to residents' experience in urban design, facilitating the blending of pedestrians and bicycles through the design of no sidewalk street, connecting the streets with the light rail system of Toronto to achieve insensate links, and collecting relevant traffic data to manage the flow of multiple modes of transportation through the design of roadside sensors to lay a foundation for future self-driving cars.

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