List 4

實現

代表單詞：achieve

英文注釋：perform or carry out with success (AHD)

拓展單詞：attain

預測單詞：accomplish

老師說詞

“實現”這個意思是動詞形式，按照詞典的注釋，實現就是奔著成功去的。所以不成功，就不能叫作實現，而只是“做”（do something）了某些事情。

經典例句

Darwin's Theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef, through the barrier reef stage until, with the disappearance through subsidence (sinking) of the central island, only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive. (TPO 47)

達爾文的理論是：一種珊瑚礁類型可以演替為，另一種類型，首先珊瑚會從一個正在下沉的平面上向上生長，岸礁就演變到堡礁階段，堡礁階段由于中央島全部沉入海里，只剩下珊瑚環繞的瀉湖或環礁留存下來。

Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. (OG）

沙漠化主要是通過失去穩定的自然植被以及隨后的風和水加速侵蝕土壤而實現的。

成就 ☆☆

代表單詞：achievement

英文注釋：something accomplished successfully, especial-ly by means of exertion, skill, practice, or perseverance (AHD)

拓展單詞：feat (2017)

預測單詞：accomplishment, attainment

老師說詞

主要考查其名詞形式，到2017年至少考過3次。

經典例句

It is a monumental scientific achievement, and its development illustrates the essential interplay between observation, prediction, and testing required for scientific progress. (TPO 16)

這一科學發現具有里程碑的意義，它進一步證明了科學探索過程中觀察、預測和實證之間的根本聯系。

承擔 ☆☆

代表單詞：assume

英文注釋：If someone assumes power or responsibility, they take power or responsibility.

拓展單詞：take on (2014, 2016)

預測單詞：adopt, undertake, take over

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞！assume最為熟悉的意思是“假設”，容易被忽略的意思是“承擔”責任或者權力。兩個意思，在詞匯題中都出現過。

經典例句

The recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator's pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person. (TPO 1)

講述人通過自己的手勢和模仿把對一個事件的回憶（一次狩獵過程、戰役或是其他功績）進行詳盡描述，這種方式最終演變成為由不同的人來演繹不同的角色。

Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projectsundertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. (TPO 23)

北荷蘭有許多湖泊和臨海區，特別適合開墾土地，其中完成的最大的一個工程是1608年貝姆斯特湖的排水。

假設 ☆☆

代表單詞：assumption

英文注釋：something taken for granted or accepted as true without proof (AHD)

拓展單詞：premise (2014)

預測單詞：presumption

其他考試形式：“可能性地”supposedly=presumably (2015)

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞，比較有意思的是，在TPO和真題中，考得最多的是其名詞形式。

經典例句

While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important. (TPO 23)

雖然承認這一順序符合那些連續被占用了幾千年的遺址的考古概況，但是一些作家警告道，從簡單的幾何圖形，到復雜的自然主義圖形，這一發展順序的潛在假設使得澳大利亞土著文化的連續性讓人費解，而在澳大利亞土著文化中，從根本上說，幾何圖形的象征意義一直很重要。

假如

代表單詞：as long as

英文注釋： on the condition (AHD)

拓展單詞：provided, if

經典例句

As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. (TPO 11)

只要這些鳥能夠看見太陽，不管周圍環境如何變化，它們都能立即找到那個裝有食物的食罐。

棘手的，麻煩的 ☆

代表單詞：cumbersome

英文注釋： difficult (MWD)

拓展單詞：troublesome, burdensome (2014)

預測單詞：onerous

老師說詞

-some作為后綴的時候，把名詞變成了形容詞。

這組詞真題中常考，但是在TPO閱讀原文中卻幾乎沒有提及。

經典例句

The economy has become a troublesome issue for the Conservative Party.

對保守黨來說，經濟已經成為一個棘手的問題。

使苦惱，煩擾 ☆

代表單詞：plague

英文注釋：pester or annoy persistently or incessantly (AHD)

拓展單詞：cause trouble for (2014考了兩次)

預測單詞：harass annoy

The West had plenty of attractions：the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. (TPO 20)

西部有很多吸引人的地方：沖積河床，起伏的林地里的肥沃土壤，以及大草原上的黑土都吸引著在布滿巖石、貧瘠不堪的土地上勞作的新英格蘭農民，也吸引著飽受土壤損耗和水土流失困擾的東南部農民。

笨重的

代表單詞：cumbersome

英文注釋： difficult to handle because of weight or bulk (AHD)

拓展單詞：unwieldy, clumsy (2013)

處理，應付 ☆☆

代表單詞：cope (with)

英文注釋： contend or strive, especially on even terms or with success (AHD)

拓展單詞：adapt, deal with (2017), address (2017)

老師說詞

cope with和deal with都是“處理”的意思，并且是指成功處理某件事。

經典例句

There are, therefore, fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water, and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with the scarcity of particles. (TPO 45)

因此，深水中的濾食性動物很少，這部分濾食性動物中有一部分有較大的過濾系統來應對有機物的稀缺。

Commercial accounting became more complex when firms had to deal with shareholders, manufacturers, customers, branch offices, employees, and competing firms. (TPO 46)

當企業不得不開始處理與股東、制造商、客戶、分支機構、員工和競爭企業之間的眾多關系時，經濟核算變得更加復雜了。

比例 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：proportion

英文注釋： the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to magnitude, quantity, or degree (MWD)

拓展單詞：size (2014, 2017), scale (2015)

預測單詞：ratio

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞，size=proportion考得更多些。

經典例句

This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation. (TPO 29)

在羅馬人聚居區（尤其是城市遺址）陶器數量之多眾所周知。在那些遺址上，考古學家們在挖掘的第一階段不得不花費大量勞動力去清洗和整理陶器碎片，而這一階段在總工作量中占據了很大比例。

It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2. 5 million years—young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away—and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years. (TPO 43)

因此也就不奇怪，油藏和氣藏的數目與沉積物的總量相比，最高的比例出現在年齡不超過250萬年的沉積巖中——巖石還較新，所以只有很少的石油泄露——而迄今發現的近60%的石油和天然氣都出現在過去650萬年形成的地層中。

評價 ☆☆

代表短語：size up

英文注釋：make an estimate, an opinion, a judgment of (AHD)

拓展單詞：evaluate, assess (2016, 2017)

預測單詞：estimate

老師說詞

出錯率很高的一組詞。詞匯題對于詞組的考查并不多，這些詞組如果用字面意思理解判斷的話，基本都會做錯。比如size是“尺寸”，up是“上升”。這樣理解，那就是“變大”的意思。但出乎意料的是，它是“評價”的意思，而且最近幾年這組詞考查得比較多！

經典例句

They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places. (TPO 10)

他們也可以免去鑒別和評估各地獨自發行的各種各樣錢幣的麻煩。

To evaluate the relative importance of agriculture and fishing to early Austronesian peoples. (TPO 5)

評價農業和漁業對早期南島民族的相對重要性。

規模，程度 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：magnitude

英文注釋：a property that can be quantitatively described, such as the volume of a sphere or the length of a vector (AHD)

拓展單詞：extent (2014, 2017), size (2014), scale (2015)

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞。size，scale也有多個含義，都會考到！

經典例句

Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. (TPO 25)

科學家們沒有直接證據顯示這些火山近期是否噴發過，或是否正處于噴發階段，但是如果這些火山近期的活躍狀態一如一億年前那般（這一最近的爆發期是根據火山斜坡上隕石坑的范圍估算出來的），它們當中的幾個也許至少仍然會保持間歇性的活躍。

At a much larger scale, baleen whales and whale sharks are also efficient filter-feeders in productive coastal or polar waters, although their filtered particles comprise small animals such as copepods and krill rather than phytoplankton. (TPO 45)

體積更大的須鯨和鯨鯊也是沿海或極地水域的高效濾食動物，雖然它們的濾食對象不僅限于浮游植物，還有橈足類、磷蝦等小動物。

描繪 ☆

代表單詞：depict

英文注釋： represent in words (AHD)

拓展單詞：portray (2014), describe, picture

預測單詞：illustrate, outline, delineate

其他考試形式1： “仔細地”meticulously=carefully

其他考試形式2： “生動地”graphically=vividly

經典例句

Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. (TPO 4)

或許，同許多當代人一樣，舊石器時代晚期的人們也相信畫人物像會引起傷害或死亡。如果他們確實迷信這個，那就解釋了為什么在洞穴繪畫中很少描繪人物。

In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. (TPO 4)

另外，畫作中主要描繪了繪畫者害怕的動物，它們的體形、速度、與生俱來的武器如長牙和角，以及它們行為的不可預知性都令繪畫者感到恐懼。

The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. (TPO 10)

宗教雕塑的傳統遍及大多數歷史時期，但是對它的描述不如對炻器和瓷器的傳統描述那樣清晰，因為對炻器和瓷器的傳統描述包含了陶制陪葬品的古老習俗，這些陶制陪葬品帶有后來的宗教圖像和建筑裝飾。

“A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today. (TPO 6)

這是一張關于英格蘭、威爾士及部分蘇格蘭地區地層的地圖，這張地質地圖繪制得非常精確，直到現在仍有參考價值。

權威的，官方的

代表單詞：authoritative

英文注釋：having or arising from authority (AHD)

拓展單詞：official, legitimate

預測單詞：sovereign, authorized, commanding, sanctioned

老師說詞

legitimate有兩個含義：1.指“合法，權威的”；2.指“合適的”。

經典例句

All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. (TPO 6)

所有這些古老的辦法都是可行的，只要統一一個權威的時間記錄器。但是隨著城市的發展和報時信號的倍增，錯亂報時引發了人們的不和與爭吵。

An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. (TPO 6)

一個蟻群可以理所當然地被稱為超個體，因為它的通信系統組織非常嚴密，在某些情形下這些群落能夠像一個整體一樣巧妙運作。

真實

代表單詞：authenticity

英文注釋：the quality or condition of being authentic, trustworthy, or genuine (AHD)

拓展單詞：genuineness

預測單詞：realness, purity, veritableness

其他考試形式： “人工的”artificial=not real, man-made (2014)

老師說詞

“人工的”這層含義在2014年至少考了兩次！

經典例句

One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. (TPO 22)

攝影術給最初接觸它的觀眾留下的最深刻的印象之一是其想法的真實性。

傳統的 ☆

代表單詞：traditional

英文注釋：an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (MWD)

拓展單詞：convention (2017), usual

預測單詞：customary, accustomed, orthodox

經典例句

Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. (TPO 40)

進入城邦時代后，雅典像希臘原民主國家一樣執行城邦制度：包括一個成年男性公民大會，一個貴族委員會，以及每年選出的官員。

The conventional explanation for the loss of Venetian dominance in trade is establishment of the Portuguese direct sea route to the East, replacing the overland Silk Road from the Black sea and the highly profitable lndian Oceancaravan—eastern Mediterranean route to Venice. (TPO 25)

對威尼斯人失去貿易主導權的傳統解釋是，葡萄牙人建立的直接通往東方的海上航線替代了起自黑海的陸上絲綢之路以及通往威尼斯的高利潤的印度洋——東地中海商路。