List 3

多樣的 ☆

代表單詞：various

英文注釋：of different kinds (AHD)

拓展單詞：diverse, assorted (2014)

預測單詞：abundant, countless, innumerable, many

其他考查形式： 名詞表“多樣性”variety=diversity

老師說詞

表示“多樣性”這個意思在TPO中最常見，考過assorted=various這一組詞。另外，請注意預測單詞，雖然沒在考試中出現過，不過在TPO閱讀文章中還是經常出現的。

經典例句

Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms. (TPO 17)

它們的結構依賴于生物體之間各種聯系的網絡。

The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B. C. and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. (TPO 46)

在公元前3000年中期，阿卡德人攻克了蘇美爾，他們沿用了書寫蘇美爾語的楔形文字寫法，并賦予了這些文字適合自己語言的聲調和意義。

繁榮 ☆☆

代表單詞：flourish

英文注釋：do or fare well (AHD)

拓展單詞：thrive, succeed, prosper (2014, 2017), do very well (2014)

預測單詞：blossom, boom

其他考試形式： 形容詞，“繁榮的，成功的”prosperous=successful (2017)

老師說詞

關于“繁榮”這個組合單詞，不論是動詞還是形容詞形式，都是考試中最常出現的詞匯組合。

flourish這個詞，來自于flower（詞根變成flour-），所以它有“繁榮”的意思。另外，它還表示“良好地成長”（grow），這個意思在GRE或者SAT中比較常見。

經典例句

This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. (TPO 18)

這意味著對波動劇烈的國際貿易市場存在著巨大的依賴。但它也意味著若有幸處于繁榮時期，一些生產要素的回報會特別高。

However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. (TPO 33)

然而，沒有哪一類生物可以永久保持主宰地位，在二億年后，大約是六千五百萬年前恐龍時代最終結束，哺乳動物開始繁盛，從最初的少數幾種小型陸生動物逐漸發展到無數的各類物種，包括我們現在所知的蝙蝠和鯨魚。

These filter-feeders thrive in the well-illuminated surface waters because oceans have so many very small organisms, from bacteria to large algae to larval crustaceans. (TPO 45)

這些濾食動物在光照好的海平面繁衍，因為海水里有大量的菌類、海藻及甲殼類等微生物供養它們。

分開 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：separate

英文注釋：become divided into components or parts (AHD)

拓展單詞：segregate (2014, 2017), detach (2014), divide (2014), isolate (2017), distinct (2017), segment (2018)

預測單詞：divorce, part, sever, split，

老師說詞

separate在詞匯題中常考的意思是“分開”，即把一個整體分解成幾個部分，比如，把一輛汽車拆解成4個轱轆、1個方向盤等。sever和serious，非常容易混淆，前者指“分開”，后者是“嚴重的”意思。divorce在閱讀中，最常用的意思就是“分開，分離”；反而其常見意思“離婚”卻較少考到。

經典例句

Once detached from the ice shelf, these bergs drift in the currents and wind systems surrounding Antarctica and can be found scattered among Antarctica's less colorful icebergs. (OG）

一旦從冰架上分離出來，這些冰山就會漂移到南極洲周圍的洋流和風力系統中，散落在南極洲的不那么多彩的冰山中。

The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groups—gases, rocks, and ices—based on their melting points. (TPO 16)

構成這兩組行星的物質被分成三組——氣體、巖石和冰——這種分組基于它們的熔點。

But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group's oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. (TPO 1)

但是基于儀式的神話可能會繼續作為這個種族的非物質文化遺產的一部分甚至在這些儀式的條件下也會被傳頌，從而與儀式剝離開來。

不同的 ☆☆

代表單詞：separate

英文注釋： dissimilar from all others (AHD)

拓展單詞：distinct (2015), different (2017)

預測單詞：discrete, dissimilar

老師說詞

separate在此特別強調含有與別物“不相似”之意。

經典例句

Horses evolved in discrete steps. (TPO 30)

馬是一步步進化而來。

Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed. (TPO 31)

最終即便不進行物理隔離，亞族群間的基因差異過大而無法雜交。

個別的 ☆☆

代表單詞：separate

英文注釋： not shared；individual (AHD)

拓展單詞：respective (2014, 2017), in the order presented (2017)

預測單詞：individual, independent

老師說詞

separate在此強調物質“沒有共同點”，即“個體的”。

經典例句

The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliotherapy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmotherapy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively). (TPO 40)

行為溫度調節的主要元素包括曬太陽（日光浴），與巖石或土壤之類的基質的熱交換（接觸熱源），以及每天或每年的躲避行為，這包括轉移到遮蔽處去乘涼、冬眠或夏眠（分別在寒冷或炙熱的天氣減少活動）。

特有的，獨特的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：characteristic

英文注釋： a feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably (AHD)

拓展單詞：distinctive (2017)

預測單詞：specific, distinguishing, peculiar

其他考試組合：名詞“特點，特性”characteristic=property (2017), characteristic=attribute (2018)

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞，characteristic作為名詞和動詞都考過。attribute作為動詞，表示“歸因于”；名詞表示“特點”。這兩個意思都考過。distinct這個詞，它表示“獨特的”和“不同的”兩個意思，看下面例子便于理解：

on two distinct occasions在兩種不同的場合

a distinct flavor獨特風味

經典例句

The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. (TPO 14)

目的是將人們對名人的正面態度轉化為對廣告產品的評價，使兩者在觀眾的腦海中自動產生聯系。

When broken open, Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small, distinctive objects, spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix (binding material), which were once constituents of the solar nebula—the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed. (TPO 22)

把阿倫德隕石破開，發現里面含有各種各樣細小的、獨特的物體，這些物體呈球狀或者不規則狀，嵌在深灰色的基質（結合物質）中，它們曾是太陽星云——形成太陽系的由氣體和塵埃組成的星際云團的一部分。

Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. (TPO 43)

另外還有兩類證據證實了石油是一種有機物的分解產物的假說：一是石油具有一些光學特性，這些特性只有來源于有機物的碳氫化合物才有；二是石油還含有氮和某些化合物，這些化合物被認為只能來源于有生命的物質。

分散，擴散 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：separate

英文注釋： space apart (AHD)

拓展單詞：scatter (2014, 2017), diffuse (2015, 2017), spread (2015, 2017), disperse (2014, 2017), distribute (2017)

預測單詞：distribute, dissipate, disseminate, disband

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考查詞，“分散”和“分開”不同，“分散”主要是空間上，距離移動開。比如鄧紫棋演唱會上，2000元坐第一排而200元坐最后一排，這就是把人群按照票價“分開”。而演唱會結束后，大家就各自回家，人群也就“分散”了。

例句：

To make a crowd at a party disperse, you could take away the food, turn off the music and ask for volunteers to clean up.

為了驅散人群，你可以拿走食物，關掉音樂，叫志愿者來清理現場。

經典例句

Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. (TPO 7)

盡管希臘是從很多分散的城邦發展起來的，但羅馬卻從單個組織發展起來。

As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano's eventual height depends on the new mountain's ability to support its own weight. (TPO 25)

當熔巖流淌和蔓延以形成盾狀火山時，這座火山的最終高度取決于這座新生的山承載自身重量的能力。

During periods without rainfall, the air in cities heats up and causes winds to slow down, with the result that pollutants are not dispersed. (TPO 23)

在沒有降雨的時候，城市里的空氣會變熱，導致風速慢下來，造成污染物不會消散的后果。

Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status. (TPO 14)

盡管在畜牧社會中財富分配相對平均，但性別不平等仍然存在，只有男性才能獲得軍事技能和社會地位。

Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. (TPO 13)

通常，嬰兒的動作十分迅速并且動作不集中，很難精確記錄他們的反應次數。

Sometime after midnight on February 8, 1969, a large, bright meteor entered Earth's atmosphere and broke into thousands of pieces, plummeted to the ground, and scattered over an area 50 miles long and 10 miles wide in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. (TPO 22)

在1969年2月8日子夜后的某一時刻，一顆巨大明亮的流星進入地球大氣層，碎成無數的碎塊墜落到地面，散布在墨西哥奇瓦瓦州境內50英里長10英里寬的區域內。

組，群 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：group

英文注釋：a number of individuals or things consideredtogether because of similarities (AHD)

拓展單詞：cluster (2014, 2015多次, 2017), aggregation (2015), collection (2017)

預測單詞：collection, clump, formation

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞，cluster是考得最多的詞匯之一，意為“組，團體”，由于相同點而被歸為一類的人或物體。formation在閱讀文章中，可以表示“形成”，但一定要注意，也可以表示“組，群”，這就是熟詞生義。例如，a formation of planes是指“一組飛機”，而不是“飛機的形成”。

經典例句

In 1994 there were nearly 20, 000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3, 000 megawatts of electricity. (OG）

1994年，全球有近2萬個風力渦輪機，大部分集中在稱為風力發電場的集群中，這些風力發電廠總共產生了3000兆瓦的電力。

As the Little lce Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. (TPO 24)

隨著小冰河時代的到來，農民們可能將他們的耕地遷到更低的海拔地區去，侵入其他農民的土地并使人口聚集在一起，因而促進了群居的形成。

Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. (TPO 47)

這反應在當時的建筑物中，是連最大的設防城鎮和山間堡壘中，最多也就是一些中型建筑群。

集體，群體 ☆

代表單詞：group

英文注釋：of, relating to, constituting, or being a memberof a group (AHD)

拓展單詞：collective (2015)

預測單詞：joint, united, shared

老師說詞

group這個詞在2015考過一次。joint，united這兩個詞大家都比較熟悉，但是要在文章中準確翻譯，卻有點兒難度。它們都有“集體”的意思。比如，They came to a joint decision as to where they would live.

他們一起決定未來在哪兒生活。（此處的joint decision就是指“集體決策”。）

經典例句

This growth was achieved as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture. (TPO 32)

這個增長是成千上萬的農民家庭集體決定擴張耕種土地數量、開墾種植新的土地，或是采用更高效耕作方式的結果。

Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. (TPO 29)

不過對這一規則也發現了很多例外，但仍然可以解釋，比如某些情況下兩個物種，盡管會爭奪某一主要資源，但它們爭奪的資源不完全相同。

分類 ☆

代表單詞：classification

英文注釋：arrange or organize according to class orcategory (AHD)

拓展單詞：hierarchy (2015)

預測單詞：categorization, sorting

老師說詞

class指“類”，而classification是“分類”，動詞名詞化。

經典例句

It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity. (TPO 14)

它以一種嚴格的層次結構形式表現出來，主要是基于遺傳。

It was therefore quite surprising when John William Strut (Lord Rayleigh), discovered a gaseous element in 1894 that did not fit into the previous classification scheme. (TPO 16)

因此，當約翰·威廉·斯特拉特（瑞利男爵）在1894年發現一種氣態元素不能適應之前的元素表時，他非常驚訝。

Pluto is not included in either category, because its great distance from Earth and its small size make this planet's true nature a mystery. (TPO 16)

冥王星不屬于這兩類中的任何一個，因為它距地球很遠且體積較小，所以目前冥王星的真實形態仍然是個謎。

分配 ☆

代表單詞：allocate

英文注釋：distribute according to a plan (AHD)

拓展單詞：distribute (2014)

預測單詞：allot, give out, assign

經典例句

All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. (TPO 3)

因此，所有的生物體都將能量分配用于生長、繁殖、維護體征和儲存。

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups. (TPO 5)

在一段時間內，人們認為這些化石中的動物分化出了各種各樣的現代動物。但是大多數古生物學家們現在卻認為，所有的Tommotian化石都僅代表在寒武紀初期出現，但到寒武紀結束時就消失了的特別生物。所以它們沒有在現在動物中留下后代。

排放 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：release

英文注釋： throw or give off or out (as light or heat)

拓展單詞：emit (2014, 2015), excrete (2017)

預測單詞：give off, send forth, discharge

經典例句

When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames. (TPO 42）

當星體撞擊地球時，這些能量被釋放，產生了巨大的沖擊波，受到影響的數千公里的土地瞬間夷為平地，大部分景觀突然起火。

Solar energy is stored up in buildings and roads and emitted as heat during the night. (TPO 48)

太陽能儲存在建筑物和道路上，并在夜間以熱能的形式釋放。

釋放 ☆

代表單詞：release

英文注釋：set free from confinement, restraint, or bondage (AHD)

拓展單詞：set free (2014)

預測單詞：liberate, loose, unloosen, discharge

老師說詞

此處，特別強調就是指獲得自由的那種釋放。unloosen不要以為加上了“un”就表示否定。unloosen是“松開，釋放”的意思。

分泌 ☆☆

代表單詞：excrete

英文注釋：separate and discharge (waste matter) from the blood, tissues, or organs

拓展單詞：secrete (2015), release (2017)

預測單詞：discharge, expel, evacuate

老師說詞

secrete有兩個意思，在閱讀文章中均有涉及。第一個是指“秘密”，第二表示“分泌，排泄”，指從血液、組織或器官中分離或消除（廢物）。

經典例句

As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria breaks down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients. (TPO 22)

隨著海草和沼澤禾草葉子的死亡，細菌將植物體分解，昆蟲、小型蝦狀浮游生物、招潮蟹和沼澤蝸牛吃掉了腐爛的植物組織，消化后排出富含營養的排泄物。

Many plants — one or more species of at least 68 different families — can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. (TPO 39)

即使不開花，很多植物也能分泌花蜜（在至少68個不同的植物科里就有一種或多種分泌花蜜的植物）。這是因為它們在莖、葉子、葉莖或其他結構上有花外蜜腺（保護花蜜的結構）。

估計，預計 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：project

英文注釋： calculate, estimate, or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends

拓展單詞：estimate (2017), calculated approximately (2017)

預測單詞：expect, forecast, predict, reckon

老師說詞

project最熟悉的意思是作為名詞表示“項目”，但是它的動詞含義，詞匯題中常考！它表示“預計”，是基于當前的資料或趨勢（對未來的某事）的計算、估計或預測。

經典例句

Wind power has several advantages, such as low pollution and projected cost declines, compared to other energy sources. (OG）

與其他能源相比，風力發電有幾個優點，比如低污染和可預見的低成本。

Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions. (TPO 25)

科學家們沒有直接證據顯示這些火山近期是否噴發過，或是否正處于噴發階段，但是如果這些火山近期的活躍狀態一如一千萬年前那般（這一最近的爆發期是根據火山斜坡上隕石坑的范圍估算出來的），它們當中的幾個也許至少仍然會保持間歇性的活躍。然而，兩次爆發之間也許間隔數百萬年之久。

照顧

代表單詞：tending

英文注釋： have the care of; watch over (AHD)

拓展單詞：take care of (2017)

預測單詞：look after, keep, care for

老師說詞

tend這個詞的三種變形形式，在托福詞匯題中都考過。第一個是動詞，表示“傾向于”，tend=incline。第二就是它的名詞形式，tendency=inclination，OG中考過。最后，也是最不容易想到的就是它還有“照料或者照顧”的意思。

例如，For years he tended her in her painful illness.

在她生病的這幾年，一直由他照顧。

經典例句

a desire to take care of their parents (OG）

想要照顧父母的愿望