List 2

驚訝，吃驚 ☆

代表單詞：surprise

英文注釋：encounter suddenly or unexpectedly (AHD)

拓展單詞：startle (2017), astonishing, incredible, unbelievable

預測單詞：amaze, astound, shocking, staggering (stagger“蹣跚的”, staggering“吃驚的”）

老師說詞

這組詞在TPO中常考，但是在實際托福考試中，2017年才考過startle=surprise。另外，值得注意的是我們收入了單詞stagger，它的形容詞形式是staggering，并非指“蹣跚”，而是表示“吃驚的”意思。

經典例句

The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils. (TPO 20)

古代生命的遺跡以化石的形式保存得很好，這非常令人吃驚。

However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. (TPO 23)

不過，令人驚訝的不是荷蘭農業受到這些危機現象的影響而導致產量和銷售量的降低，而是這些危機在荷蘭農業中發生得相對較晚。

If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 million in 1850 , we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect. (TPO 48)

如果謹慎一些，我們假設在18世紀初總人數要少一些，到1850年也只有4億的話，事實依然讓人吃驚：在與西方接觸、對外貿易和工業化之前，中國龐大的人口數量翻倍本就產生了很大的影響。

Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the Moon. (TPO 25)

科學家們驚奇地發現，火星表面之下的條件與月球表面之下的條件非常相似。

矛盾的 ☆☆

代表單詞：contradictory

英文注釋：something that contains contradictory elements (AHD)

拓展單詞：conflicting (2014, 2017)

預測單詞：discrepancy, inconsistency, incongruity, dissension

其他考試形式： 名詞，“矛盾”contradiction=paradox

經典例句

Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher. (TPO 9)

蔡克納和利斯頓（1987）指出了教師角色的矛盾點。

This may seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests. (TPO 31)

這可能相互矛盾，但都是很極端的土壤條件，要么太潮濕要么太干燥，因而不能形成雨林而是稀樹草原，雨林需要更加潮濕的生存環境。

All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. (TPO 30)

所有這些古老的辦法都是可行的，只要統一一個權威的時間記錄器。但是隨著城市的發展和報時信號的倍增，錯亂報時引發了人們的不和與爭吵。

不一致的，有爭議的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：controversial

英文注釋：a dispute, especially a public one, betweensides holding opposing views (AHD)

拓展單詞：debated (2014, 2015, 2016), producing disagreement (2015), contentious

預測單詞：disputed, at issue

其他考試形式1：

表示“無法達成一致”, not reach consensus on=not agreed on (2014)

其他考試形式2：

動詞表示“爭議”, debate=argue about (2017)

其他考試形式3： 形容詞表示“公認的，無爭議的”，undisputed=acknowledged

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考查詞匯，尤其是controversial=debate。“矛盾”和“爭議”區別在于，“爭議”主要是指公開的某些話題被公眾所爭辯，比如是否應該在家鄉建設化工廠等。從這個角度來看，“矛盾”的概念大于“爭議”。另外，contentious這個詞，一般可能會認為它由content派生，這是不對的。contentious是由contend（“競爭”）衍生而來，content表示“滿意”，contentious意為“爭吵”。

經典例句

There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. (TPO 29)

關于不同類型的水輪的相對工作效率有很多爭論。

The terms "climax" "biome" "superorganism" and "ecosystem" all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others. (TPO 19)

“高潮”“生物群系”“超級有機體”和“生態系統”都是指在一個相關的環境中動植物的生長系統，但有些比其他的更具爭議性。

One broad area of disagreement in explaining the peopling of the Americans is the domain of paleo ecologists, but it is critical to understanding human history: what was Beringia like? (TPO 45)

在解釋美洲印第安人的居住情況時，有一個比較大的分歧在于對古生物學家的界定，但這關鍵是要理解人類歷史：那時候的白令陸橋是什么樣的？

This view and the opposing "protectionist" hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy.

人們就該觀點及其反方觀點爭執了一百多年。反方觀點堅持“保護主義者”假說，認為螞蟻能夠保護植物。1910年，懷疑論者威廉·莫頓·惠勒對這一爭議做出了評論。

沖突 ☆

代表單詞：conflict

英文注釋：a state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a clash (AHD)

拓展單詞：friction

預測單詞：incompatible, disharmony, clash

其他考試形式：

反義詞：“和諧”compatible=harmonious (2014)

老師說詞

“沖突”比“矛盾”這個詞的程度更深，而且無法調和，甚至可能發生戰爭。比如新聞中著名的“巴以沖突”。這組詞僅在TPO中出現過，它的反義詞，“和諧的”卻在實際考試中出現過。

經典例句

Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. (OG）

理論家們依據精神動力學方法認為，內在矛盾是理解人類包括侵略性行為在內的所有行為的關鍵所在。

When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. (TPO 19)

另一方面，當沒有戰爭時，士兵們需要有事可做，否則他們就會成為沖突和叛變潛在的危險源。

劇烈的

代表單詞：turbulent

英文注釋：marked by extreme force or sudden intense activity (AHD)

拓展單詞：violent

預測單詞：tumultuous, powerful, raging

經典例句

In the last few decades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has increased. (TPO 7)

在過去的幾十年里，來自太空的不明暴力影響的風險增加了。

Seagrass meadows in relatively turbulent waters tend to form a mosaic of individual mounds, whereas meadows in relatively calm waters tend to form flat, extensive carpets. (TPO 44)

在相對動蕩的水域，海草一般會形成一個個小丘；而在相對平靜的水域則傾向于形成平坦廣闊的草地。

雕刻

代表單詞：engrave

英文注釋： carve, cut, or etch into a material (MWD)

拓展單詞：carve

預測單詞：etch, cut, inscribe

經典例句

A tablet engraved about 3000 B. C. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. (TPO 26)

雕刻于約公元前3000年、來自蘇美爾的一塊陶土板上發現了史上最早人類生活的例證，即一個帶頂棚的箱狀雪橇被安裝在四個實心的輪子上。

This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. (TPO 27)

它是一個小的圓柱體，一般不高于3厘米，直徑2厘米，材料為貝殼、骨頭、陶器或是各種石頭，在其表面刻有一個場景。

粗糙的 ☆

代表單詞：rough

英文注釋：having a surface marked by irregularities, protuberances, or ridges (AHD)

拓展單詞：coarse, rugged (2017)

預測單詞：uneven, jagged, bumpy, irregular

經典例句

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field. (TPO 32)

一塊富饒的、耕耘過的田地播種后很快會生根發芽，然而臨近一個土壤被壓實了或暴露在粗糙貧瘠的基質上的建筑工地，可能幾個月甚至幾年都寸草不生，盡管播種了和耕作田地一樣的種子。

純潔的

代表單詞：pristine

英文注釋1：remaining in a pure state (AHD）

英文注釋2：completely free from dirt or contamination

拓展單詞：pure

預測單詞：uncorrupt, virgin, immaculate, unspoiled

老師說詞

pristine目前在詞匯題中僅出現過一次。pristine指的是完全沒有任何污染或者骯臟的那種絕對意義的“純潔”。比如，pristine mountain snow山上潔白的雪在生活中，pristine可以用來形容“全新”的商品，比如，pristine white shirts全新的白襯衫

經典例句

At one time it was thought that these matrix grains might be pristine nebular dust, the sort of stuff from which chondrules and inclusions were made. (TPO 22)

人們一度認為這些基質顆粒可能是原始的星云塵埃，也就是形成隕石球粒和內含物的物質。

Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. (TPO 18)

志愿者被告知當他們吸入普通空氣、純氧或者是含有高于正常水平的二氧化碳的空氣混合物時要想著打哈欠。

心靈手巧 ☆

代表單詞：ingenuity

英文注釋：skill or cleverness in devising or combining (MWD)

拓展單詞：cleverness

預測單詞：originality, genius, inventiveness

其他考試形式： “靈巧的”ingenious=clever (2017)

老師說詞

ingenuity特別指代一種發明創造的能力；類似于“匠心”。2017年考到了它的形容詞形式。

經典例句

The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint — for instance, Teotihuacán's religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B. C. , the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán's elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B. C. (TPO 8)

而其他因素的作用則很難表述清楚——例如，特奧蒂瓦坎作為宗教圣地的重要地位、在公元前一千年后期墨西哥峽谷及其周圍地區的歷史情況、特奧蒂瓦坎精英們的機智和深謀遠慮如何，以及自然災害的沖擊，比如在公元前一千年后期的火山噴發。

粗糙的

代表單詞：rough

英文注釋： not carefully or completely made (AHD)

拓展單詞：crude

預測單詞：undeveloped

老師說詞

crude在托福閱讀中出現的基本意思都是“原始的”，也就是完全未經過人為加工的狀態。比如，對于橙汁而言，橙子就是它的原始材料。但是，在詞匯題中，常以“粗糙的”意思出現，也就是制作不夠精良。

經典例句

Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higherstatus males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. (TPO 28)

因此大量標記得很好的擦痕的出現表明年齡較大、地位較高的雄鹿就在附近，而不僅只是粗略地說明了該區域鹿群的數量很多。

大約，近似 ☆☆

代表單詞：roughly

英文注釋：without completeness or exactness (MWD)

拓展單詞：approximately (2014, 2017)

預測單詞：about, around, close to, just about, more or less, or so, some

其他考查形式：twenty or so=roughly twenty (2015, 2017)

老師說詞

rough在實際考試中，是典型一詞多義詞且是多次考查的考點，所以這個詞，雖然簡單，但是務必重視。

經典例句

By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9, 000 miles of railroad track；then years later it had over 30, 000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. (TPO 33)

在1850年之前美國有約9000英里鐵軌，幾年之后鐵軌的長度增加到30000多英里，比世界上其他地方的總和還要多。

It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40, 000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. (TPO 21)

考古學家史蒂文·米森有一個觀點，這在他的《思維的史前史》一書中有精彩的闡述，該觀點認為約在40000年前，人類的思維形成了認知流動性，即對各種特化的思維加以整合：技術史、博物學（以理解自然資源的行為和分布）、社交智能以及語言能力。

另外 ☆☆

代表單詞：furthermore

英文注釋：lntroduce a piece of information or opinion thatadds to or supports the previous one.

拓展單詞：in addition (2014, 2017), besides (2015)

預測單詞：as well as, moreover, what's more

其他考查形式：“額外的”further=additional

老師說詞

必考詞，這三個詞總是互相組合考查，furthermore=in addition=besides。

經典例句

Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. (TPO 29)

而且絕大部分物種并不只依靠一種資源，當某物種的主要資源匱乏時，它們常轉向其他候選資源。

Moreover，ltalian sailors were deserting and emigrating，and captains，no longer recruited from the ranks of nobles，were weak on navigations. (TPO 25）此外，意大利船員逐漸逃離并移居到他鄉，而船長不再是從貴族階級中征召而來，在航海方面也暴露出各種不足。

而（做比較關系）

代表單詞：whereas

英文注釋：while on the contrary (AHD)

拓展單詞：while

經典例句

Plots with more than ten species had about half as much biomass in 1988 as in 1986, whereas those with fewer than five species only produced roughly one-eighth as much biomass after the two-year drought. (TPO 46)

那些物種數量超過十種的取樣點在1988年的生物量大概是1986年的一半，而那些物種數量少于五種的取樣點在經過兩年干旱之后，大概只剩下八分之一的生物數量。

盡管 ☆

代表單詞：though

英文注釋：You use though to introduce a statement in a subordinate clause which contrasts with the statement in the main clause. You often use though to introduce a fact which you regard as less important than the fact in the main clause.

拓展單詞：albeit (2017), although, even though, despite, whereas

經典例句

Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas，problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. (TPO 14）雖然南部瑪雅地區的降雨量超過北部地區，但在南部潮濕地區，缺水的問題更為嚴重。

The sahara is a highly diverse, albeit dry, region that has undergone major climatic changes since 10, 000 B. C. (TPO 28)

盡管干旱，撒哈拉的物種極其多樣，并自公元前10000年前開始已經歷了數次重大氣候變遷。