List 1

改變 ☆☆

代表單詞：change

英文注釋： make different in some particular (MWD)

拓展單詞：transform, shift, modify (2014, 2017), revise, transition, alter, divert, convert (2014)

老師說詞

英文意思就是在某些方面有所不同。實際考試中，change=modify=convert，均在TPO中出現過。

經典例句

As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. (TPO 1)

因此，它可能會放棄或修改一些儀式。

The age of Australia's rock art is constantly being revised. (TPO 23)

對澳大利亞搖滾藝術的時代的定義在不斷被修正。

As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the "big men" assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy. (TPO 33)

隨著交際圈進一步發展繁榮，“大人物”就具有了世襲地位，他們的支持者和家庭成員也具有了世襲權利。

If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly，consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings. (TPO 30）如果很難設想進化改變得如此迅速，想一想:一個單一基因的改變就足以將有一對翅膀的蒼蠅變成擁有兩對翅膀。

波動

代表單詞：fluctuation

英文注釋：shift back and forth uncertainly (MWD)

拓展單詞：variance

預測單詞：swing, shift

經典例句

Changes in climate caused severe fluctuations in sea level, resulting in the extinction of the dinosaurs. (TPO 8)

氣候的變化引起了海平面的劇烈波動，導致了恐龍的滅絕。

Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource. If the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. (TPO 29)

而且絕大部分物種并不只依靠一種資源，當某物種的主要資源匱乏時，它們常轉向其他候選資源。

The record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. (TPO 10)

這一記錄顯示，越來越多的證據表明不同棲息地之間的氣候變化緩慢。

穩定的，不變的 ☆

代表單詞：constant

英文注釋：something that is unchanging or invariable (MWD)

拓展單詞：consistent (2017), unchangeable, immutable

預測單詞：steady, invariable, unalterable, fixed

老師說詞

詞匯題中，經常喜歡用含有否定前綴的詞來表示其反義詞。比如，changeable，加上否定前綴dis-，是“不變的”意思。常見的否定前綴有，un-，non-，dis-，a-，de-，under-，anti-，counter-

經典例句

Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in "air conditioning" that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. (TPO 47)

一些熱帶白蟻是更聰明的工程師，它們可以建造有巨大的內置“空調”的地上巢穴，保持巢穴潮濕，溫度恒定，氧氣充足。

It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thinwalled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. (TPO 29)

它們一般由精心篩選和凈化后的黏土在快速旋轉的圓盤上制成壁薄而形狀標準的坯子，然后放入陶器窯中燒結，并確保一氣呵成。

扭曲，變形 ☆

代表單詞：distort

英文注釋：twist out of a proper or natural relation of parts；misshape (AHD)

拓展單詞：irregular (2016)

預測單詞：deform, misshape, disfigure, warp, twist

其他考試形式1： “曲解”distort=misinterpret

其他考試形式2：

“欺騙的；誤導人的”misleading=deceiving=illusory

老師說詞

distort本意是“扭曲”（主要是指形式上），引申義是“誤解，曲解”，本義在2016年考過，后者在TPO里面出現過。

經典例句

Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. (OG）

研究表明，帶有侵略性的人經常曲解他人的意圖。

Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs. (TPO 27)

患有先天性肺不張的嬰兒的肺部會阻止氣流從肺中流出，這些嬰兒出生時肺部就是畸形的。

General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. (TPO 14)

人們普遍擔心廣告商夸大其詞的誤導策略。

If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. (OG）

跟蹤它們一段時間，就會發現它們的數量特別不穩定，在不規則周期內飆升或暴跌。

輪廓 ☆

代表單詞：configuration

英文注釋：the form, as of a figure, determined by the arrangement of its parts or elements (AHD)

拓展單詞：shape

預測單詞：form, arrangement

其他考試形式： “雕塑造型”sculpt=shape (2017)

老師說詞

在《美國傳統英語詞典》里，shape由configuration做定義解釋，即the characteristic surface configuration of a thing。“輪廓”就是“物體外在的表面樣子”，在2017年之前，沒有在考試中出現過，但是在2017年，shape=sculpt這一對詞首次作為考點出現。

經典例句

The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. (TPO 23)

熱島的準確狀態取決于好幾個因素。比如風能在它出現的地方形成一個區域性的熱島。

This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator. (TPO 15)

這是在一個老式蒸汽散熱器中發現的相同的裝置。

伴隨的，附帶的

代表單詞：attendant

英文注釋： go with as an associate or companion (MWD)

拓展單詞：accompanying

預測單詞：accessory

老師說詞

attendant作為名詞屬性，表示“服務員”或者“隨從”，這是在TPO閱讀文章中出現過的意思。但在考試中，目前只考過“伴隨的”這個意思。它的引申義就有“附帶，附屬”的意思。因此和accompanying放在詞匯題里一起考。

經典例句

Local rulers could no longer protect their relatives and attendants in legal cases, and with the ending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, the rulers no longer had a regular base for relations with rural populations. (TPO 32)

地方統治者在法律案件中不能再保護他們的親屬和隨從，并且隨著強迫貧窮農民為地方統治者做兼職的行為在1905年被廢除，地方統治者與農村人口不再有穩定的關系基礎。

For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast”. (TPO 15)

舉個例子，稱早餐食用谷物食品對健康是有益的廣告可能會附帶一個免責聲明，即“前提是早餐營養要均衡”。

In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. (TPO 25)

此外，其他一系列證據支持了這種假說，即陸生植物由原始綠藻進化而成，兩者在進行光合作用時使用了相同類型的葉綠素和輔助色素。

覆蓋

代表單詞：cover

英文注釋： place something upon or over, so as to protect or conceal (MWD)

拓展單詞：overlie

預測單詞：overlay, mantle

經典例句

In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil. (TPO 1)

低勢區域上的任何位置可能就是曾經的河床，后續被土壤覆蓋而變成現在的樣子。

暴露 ☆

代表單詞：expose

英文注釋： deprive of shelter, protection； make visible, (MWD)

拓展單詞：visible, uncover

預測單詞：show, display, uncover, reveal, unveil, exhibit, manifest

經典例句

These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. (TPO 25)

其中包括從根部向上運輸水分和礦物質的導管，從葉片向植物其他部分輸送光合作用產物的篩管以及用來支撐植物體、使得它以最大表面積接觸陽光的硬化木質素。

保護

代表單詞：protect

英文注釋： keep from being damaged (AHD)

拓展單詞：immunity

經典例句

Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plants and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and later, flowers and fruits. (TPO 25)

進化到種子植物時，保護胚胎以及在無水環境下傳播生殖細胞的方式才得以實現，它們帶來的關鍵進化創新的產物是：花粉、種子以及后來的花朵和果實。

出現 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：appear

英文注釋： come into existence. (MWD)

拓展單詞：emerge (2014, 2018), arise (2018)

預測單詞：materialize, crop up, turn up, turn out, show up, come into view

其他考試形式： “消失”disappear=vanish (2017)

老師說詞

這一組詞絕對是高頻考點！在2018年的試題中，又再次出現，切記背熟！

它的反義詞“消失”，在2017年的試題中出現，一并記憶！

預測詞匯中的materialize有“出現”的意思，尤其是特指沒看見或找不著等情況下突然出現。

看例句：Think of Harry Potter removing his invisibility cloak. He materializes. (vocabulary. com）

試想哈利·波特脫掉他的隱身斗篷，他就顯現了。

另外，materialize，還有“成為現實”的意思（become reality），比如：Her dream really materialized.（她的夢想成真。）

經典例句

Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged independently in several different areas of the world when small communities，driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources，began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. (TPO 33）

很多史前學家相信農業有可能是在世界不同地方獨立發展起來的。因為人口增加，食物資源匱乏，一些小社群開始試圖在土地上播下種子以確保它們的存活。

As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widely scattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. (TPO 34)

隨著這種早期能源危機愈演愈烈，英國轉而使用數量豐富且分布廣泛的煤炭作為即將消失的木材的替代品。

The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. (TPO 18)

那些與從云層涌來的電子相遇的帶正電的粒子流通常來自于高大的帶尖頂的建筑物，例如金屬旗桿或塔。

產生 ☆☆

代表單詞：produce

英文注釋： cause to occur or exist (AHD)

拓展單詞：generate (2014, 2017)

其他考試形式：名詞指“商品”, commodity=product (2014)

經典例句

The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. (TPO 11)

一個關于乞食行為的假說認為，乞食聲已經進化出一種避免引起捕食者注意并及時做出預警的特性：比起那些較少受到捕食者捕食的雛鳥相比，被捕食率高的鳥類的雛鳥需要發出更輕柔、頻率更高的叫聲。

When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscapes to burst into flames. (TPO 42)

當星體撞擊地球時，這些能量被釋放，產生了巨大的沖擊波，受到影響的數千公里的土地瞬間夷為平地，大部分景觀突然起火。

Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern ltaly, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. (TPO 10)

在英國、佛蘭德斯、意大利北部、德國西南部以及西班牙部分地區，人口的增長促進了小規模制造業的發展，尤其是在手工藝品、紡織品和金屬制品行業。

建造 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：construct

英文注釋： form by assembling or combining parts (AHD)

拓展單詞：erect (2014, 2015)

預測單詞：fabricate, establish

其他考試形式：

名詞意為“建立”erecting=constructing (2014), founding=establishment (2016), founding=building (2017)

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考點！

erect和construct的動詞形式和名詞形式均在實際考試中出現過，切記這組詞：construct=erect=found。

經典例句

Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in "air conditioning" that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. (TPO 47)

一些熱帶白蟻是更聰明的工程師，它們可以建造有巨大的內置“空調”的地上巢穴，保持巢穴潮濕，溫度恒定，氧氣充足。

Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. (TPO 33)

因為東部的耕犁耕不動大草原濃密且錯綜復雜的根部，所以最早的定居者只是在森林和草原的邊界上修建農場。

That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants. (TPO 34)

我們現在已經有充分證據表明螞蟻的確有益于植物生長，因為在1977年巴巴拉·賓利就已經研究了相關證據，并且自那以后，越來越多的觀察和實驗也為此提供了更多的證據。

發明，創造 ☆☆

代表單詞：create

英文注釋：cause to exist (MWD)

拓展單詞：devise, construct (2016, 2017)

預測單詞：spawn, bring into being, invent

經典例句

He devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. (TPO 6)

他設計了一種使活塞轉動輪子的方法，從而將往復運動轉化為旋轉運動。

Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artists and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. (TPO 41)

面對設計模型，納瓦霍藝術家們和助手們用自己的手指由內向外撒下黑、白、藍灰、橙、紅色的材料來制作細致入微的圖像。

方式，方法 ☆☆

代表單詞：mechanism

英文注釋：A mechanism is a special way of getting something done within a particular system.

拓展單詞：method (2015, 2017), way, fashion, vehicle, mean (2014)

老師說詞

fashion這是個熟詞生義詞，除了表示“時尚”之意外，它還有“方式，方法”的意思。在TPO詞匯題中出現過，但錯誤率很高。可以看下例句：

Set the table in this fashion.將桌子這樣放。

經典例句

Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. (TPO 29)

同一物種不同個體之間的競爭（種內競爭），作為自然選擇的一個主要方式，現在屬于進化生物學范疇。

Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. (TPO 20)

可以用家畜翻越大山，但是以這種方式運輸谷物的成本是這些谷物在東部市場上的價值的好幾倍。

策略 ☆☆

代表單詞：strategy

英文注釋：a plan of action resulting from strategy or intended to accomplish a specific goal (AHD)

拓展單詞：tactic (2014, 2017)

預測單詞：maneuver, plan, scheme

經典例句

General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. (TPO 14)

人們普遍擔心廣告商夸大其詞的誤導策略。

They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. (TPO 9)

他們以弗吉尼亞的一組教師為研究對象，并在幾年內這一組的40位教師進行研究。

控制，管理

代表單詞：regulate

英文注釋：control or direct according to rule, principle, or law (AHD)

拓展單詞：control

預測單詞：run, direct, govern, manage, handle, conduct

老師說詞

在預測單詞中，我們舉例了好幾個熟詞生義的單詞，比如direct：manage or conduct the affairs of；regulate（AHD）意為“管理”。

例：He will direct day-to-day operations.他管理日常運營。

run也有“管理”的含義，例：His father ran a prosperous business.他父親經營一家生意興旺的公司。

經典例句

Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis；and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. (TPO 26)

如果水含量過低，大部分植物組織會死亡；植物所汲取的養分是通過水來傳輸的；水也是光合作用這個關鍵過程中的成分；同時，水通過吸收熱量來調節植物體的溫度，因為水蒸氣通過葉片蒸騰到空氣中的過程可以幫助植物降低溫度。

Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. (TPO 30)

學習適當的社交行為特別重要，尤其是對于群居動物，比如猴子，它們需要學會控制自己的私欲和攻擊性，學著去懂得付出和收獲的關系以融入群體。