List 5

特別多的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：substantial

英文注釋：existing in great quantity or ample supply (AHD)

拓展單詞：plentiful (2014, 2017), ample, abundant (2015, 2017), a wealth of (2014, 2017), massive (2018), excessive (2016 , 2018), too much (2016, 2018)

預測單詞：copious（比如，copious rainfall），exuberant

其他考試形式： 名詞，plenty=abundance

老師說詞

絕對高頻考詞，基本是詞匯題中出現最多一個組合了，所以無論如何，都應該記住！

經典例句

The West had plenty of attractions：the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. (TPO 20)

西部吸引人的地方很多：沖積河床、綿延起伏的林地里的肥沃的土壤、大草原上的黑土，這些都吸引著在布滿巖石又貧瘠的土地上勞作的新英格蘭農民和飽受土壤損耗和流失困擾的東南部農民。

Third, in a species-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly because most species will be relatively less abundant, thus increasing the average distance between individuals of the same species and hampering disease transmission among individuals. (TPO 46)

第三，在一個物種豐富的生態系統中，疾病可能會傳播得比較慢，因為每個物種的數量相對較少，從而增加了同一物種內個體間的平均距離，從而阻礙了個體間的疾病傳播。

The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities. (TPO 21)

為什么會發生嬰兒期遺忘這個問題已經引發了心理學家們數十年的研究，尤其是有大量的證據說明嬰幼兒們表現出具有令人驚訝的記憶能力。

The 1997 1998 El Nino brought copious and damaging rainfall to the southern United States, from California to Florida. (TPO 43)

1997～1998年的厄爾尼諾現象給美國南部從加利福尼亞州到佛羅里達州帶來了大量的、破壞性的降雨。

大的（體積，規模上） ☆☆☆

代表單詞：substantial

英文注釋： considerable in degree, amount, or extent (AHD)

拓展單詞：large (2014, 2016, 2017, 2018)

預測單詞：enormous, colossal, gigantic, vast, huge

老師說詞

substantial由substance演變而來，因此它有“物質的，本質的”含義。盡管詞匯題里面沒有考過這個意思，但是在閱讀文章中出現過。反而，它的衍生義卻經常在詞匯題中出現：一是指數量上多；二是指體積上的多。

經典例句

Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside; this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain, brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge. (TPO 48)

研究表明，城市的降水可能要比周邊農村地區要多；出現這種現象的部分原因可能是大型建筑物使得地表空氣緩慢、逐漸地匯聚在一起，使得城市地形更加不平整。

On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. (TPO 29)

羅馬臺伯爾河左岸上一座古代城市碼頭的旁邊有一座約50米高的大山，叫作苔絲塔西奧山。

After the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A. D. , the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British lsles. (TPO 47)

公元1世紀羅馬帝國征服英國之后，羅馬的行政官吏、商人、軍隊入駐英國，也帶來了帝國的思想和商品，這對英國人民的生活產生了巨大的影響。

巨大的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：massive

英文注釋：consisting of or making up a large mass (AHD)

拓展單詞：huge (2015), very large, vast (2014, 2015), enormous (2014, 2015, 2017), tremendous (2015), colossal

預測單詞：titanic, gigantic, mammoth, ponderous, elephantine

老師說詞

絕對高頻考詞，它比上一組詞所表示的“大的”程度更深。

經典例句

Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. (TPO 7)

羅馬墻上的石塊是靠規整的設計和特別有力的羅馬水泥砌在一起，與此相同，羅馬帝國的各個部分也因物質上的管制、組織上的約束，以及精神上的控制聯合成為一個龐大統一的國家。

Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. (TPO 8)

從這些渠道的寬度和深度可判斷，當時流速一定很大——有可能是亞馬孫河（每秒鐘105噸）的流量的一百多倍。

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected. (OG）

沙漠化問題異常嚴重主要是在于以下幾個方面：受到其影響的土地范圍廣，人數多。

Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth's surface. (TPO 31)

異域性物種的形成也可能是由構成地球表面的地殼構造板塊運動所產生的，這個運動雖略微緩慢但卻異常劇烈。

The 2, 000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef, which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia, is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth. (TPO 47)

被稱為“大堡礁”的珊瑚礁群，長達2000千米，在澳大利亞東北海岸形成了一個巨大的天然防波堤，是地球上迄今為止最大的珊瑚結構。

大塊 ☆

代表單詞：mass

英文注釋：a large but nonspecific amount or number (AHD)

拓展單詞：bulk (2014)

經典例句

But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to lndia and China. (TPO 17)

但即使是香料這樣的高價商品也不得不大批量運輸，以平衡繞行非洲運輸至中國和印度所耗費的巨額成本和困難。

足夠的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：adequate

英文注釋：being what is needed without being in excess (AHD)

拓展單詞：rich (2016 , 2017), sufficient (2014 , 2016 , 2017), enough (2016, 2017)

預測單詞：suitable, capable

老師說詞

“足夠的”是指滿足需要，但是并不過量。比如，每次到食堂，黃老師點四兩米飯就吃飽了，這就是“足夠的”，但是食堂的師傅卻每次都打六兩米飯給我，那就是“特別多”。另外請注意，substantial和sufficient詞形非常接近，注意區別。

經典例句

The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites. (TPO 4)

無法在陸地上尋找足夠多的石油來源這一困難，導致了更多的海上鉆井地點的開發。

By contrast, in the tropics, where each tree species has few, widely scattered individuals, the chance of wind blowing pollen to another individual is sufficiently slim that animals are a safer bet as transporters of pollen. Even tall trees in the tropics are usually not wind pollinated despite being in windy conditions. (TPO 45)

相比之下，在熱帶地區，每一個樹種都有很少的、分布廣泛的個體，風把花粉吹向另一個個體的機會就非常小了，因此動物作為花粉的轉運體是一種更安全的選擇。即使是熱帶地區的高大樹木，在多風的情況下一般也不會被風授粉。

不足的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：scarce

英文注釋： adequate to fulfill a need or meet a requirement

拓展單詞：insufficient (2014, 2017), inadequate (2014), limited in quantity (2014), short in supply (2014)

其他考試形式：be deficient in=not have enough (2014, 2015)

老師說詞

絕對高頻考詞。“足夠的”和“不足的”,這對反義詞在考試中出現的頻率最多。

經典例句

Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. (TPO 40)

當生理上和形態上的調整不足以維持生命范圍內必需的體溫時，就會發生避障行為。

Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. (TPO 24)

在這種情況下，只有出現了幾次呼吸不足后，導致血液中二氧化碳含量顯著提升，而氧氣含量減少，呼吸才會被調整過來。

He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources, among them obsidian, salt, stone for grinding maize, and many luxury materials. (TPO 41)

他認為地勢低洼的瑪雅缺乏很多重要的資源，如黑曜石、鹽、磨玉米的石頭和許多奢侈品。

稀少的 ☆☆

代表單詞：sparse

英文注釋： deficient in quantity, fullness, or extent (AHD)

拓展單詞：thin (2018), very low, meager

預測單詞：scant, scare

其他考試形式： scanty=few (2016)

經典例句

The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive. (TPO 28)

依靠捕食稀少的沙漠動物過活的居民對待干旱的方式是管理他們捕捉和收集到的野生資源，尤其是需要可靠水源維持生命的野牛。

Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. (TPO 6)

成年人對于之后那幾年的記憶往往也很模糊。

By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres. (TPO 16)

相比之下，類地行星的大氣層則要稀薄得多。

缺乏的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：lack of / in

英文注釋：a deficiency or an absence (AHD)

拓展單詞：devoid of (2014), scarcity of (2014, 2017), short (2014)

預測單詞：be short of, want

其他考試形式： 名詞shortage=deficiency (2015)

老師說詞

注意“稀少的”和“不足的”的區別，“稀少的”是接近于沒有，“不足的”是還沒有滿足需要。拿吃飯來說，假如黃老師吃四兩米飯就飽了，那么如果食堂師傅給他打了三兩，那就是“不足的”；打了一兩，那就是“稀少的”；完全不給米飯，那就是“缺乏的”。

特別注意：want也有“缺乏”的意思。比如，For the want of a nail the shoe was lost.因為少了一顆馬蹄釘，而丟了一個馬蹄鐵。

經典例句

Stability can be defined as simply lack of change.

我們可以簡單地將穩定性定義為缺乏變化。

It could be, too, that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land, and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan state. (TPO 41)

也可能是由于人口增長和日益稀缺的優質農業土地引發了戰爭，為瑪雅國家的出現發揮了重要作用。

But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem，despite continuous appeal to Venice's tradition of maritime greatness. (TPO 25）然而，盡管一再強調威尼斯的海事強大，但是船員的短缺被證明是一個日益嚴重的問題。

然而，盡管一再強調威尼斯的海事強大，但是船員的短缺被證明是一個日益嚴重的問題。

增加 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：increase

英文注釋：become greater or larger (AHD)

拓展單詞：surge (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017), spurt

(2016), proliferate, gain, enhance (2015)

預測單詞：raise, boost, multiply, inflate, augment

老師說詞

絕對高頻考詞，surge是考得最多的詞。

經典例句

The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. (TPO 11)

這個問題的答案顯然不是因為過分乞食而增加的能量消耗——損耗的能量相比于其潛在能得到的熱量來說只是很小的部分——而是因為任何成功的欺騙行為都會對和它們共享基因的同伴們造成危害。

擴大 ☆☆

代表單詞：increase

英文注釋：become greater or larger (AHD)

拓展單詞：extend (2014, 2017), expand (2014, 2017), enlarge, magnify (2018)

預測單詞：become larger, inflate, blow up

經典例句

More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe's economy in this period. (TPO 10)

在此期間，不斷擴大的貿易網絡也促進了歐洲經濟的增長。

Large quantities of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. (TPO 12)

只要節理和裂縫擴大到可以形成空洞的空間時，石灰巖中也能夠儲存大量水資源。

Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expandingeconomy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due. (TPO 30)

西部的農民在貸款的時候滿懷信心地期待經濟的發展會使農產品的價格節節攀升，因此使得他們在貸款到期時能輕松地還款。

延長（時間上） ☆☆

代表單詞：extend

英文注釋：cause (something) to be or last longer (AHD)

拓展單詞：prolong (2016, 2017), long

預測單詞：make longer, lengthen, elongate

經典例句

Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolongeddormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells. (TPO 26)

躲避行為包括一些類似于夏眠這樣的行為，這一行為可以使得動物們在酷暑難耐或炎熱季節依靠長期的休眠或蟄伏來降低它們的新陳代謝速率和體溫。

This has resulted in a more stealthy style of feeding, with the consequent emphasis on lures and/or the evolution of elongated appendages that increase the active volume of water controlled or monitored by the animal. (TPO 45)

于是就產生了一種更隱秘的覓食方式，這種方式強調誘餌或其身體需要有很長的附屬物，以便增加動物支配或者測定活動水量。

越來越……

代表單詞：increasingly

英文注釋：an increasing degree (MWD)

拓展單詞：progressively

預測單詞：more and more

老師說詞

increasing是指“變大，變多”，而increasingly才是“越來越……”。

經典例句

The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences：it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake. (TPO 24)

湖水的更新變慢導致了一系列后果；它使得溶解的化學物質不斷變濃，這樣反過來會對湖中的生物造成顯著的影響。

縮短

代表單詞：contract

英文注釋： reduce in size by drawing together (AHD)

拓展單詞：shorten (2013)

預測單詞：shrink, lessen, reduce

經典例句

They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature—around the equator, for example. (TPO 19)

他們能夠追蹤大型冰川的增長和減小，即使是那些海洋中溫度變化不太大的區域，比如說赤道附近。

More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact. (OG）

直到19世紀50年代，十多年的激烈斗爭最終使得大多數行業的工作時間縮短至10小時，法院也認可了工人罷工的權利，但這些斗爭成果的影響并沒有立即顯現出來。

減少 ☆☆

代表單詞：reduce

英文注釋： bring down, as in extent, amount, or degree (AHD)

拓展單詞：diminish (2016, 2017), decrease (2017)

預測單詞：decline, lessen, subside, fall, dwindle, recede

老師說詞

在詞匯題里面考“增加”和“變大”等意義考得次數比較多，而且其同義詞也很多，但“減少”“縮短”之類意義考得就相對少一點兒。

經典例句

South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. (TPO 28)

南非牧養野生大羚羊（一種體形較大的非洲羚羊，它們的角短且彎曲）的農民說如果不持續從野外引進公羚羊則其后代體型會迅速變小。

With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn. (TPO 15)

隨著雪進一步地融化、再結冰，并且還要承受上方新的積雪增加的重量，待這些積雪達到一種介于冰片與冰之間的階段，顆粒物便會再次形成晶狀體，這一階段被稱作萬年雪。

Sometimes，the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed.（TPO 4）

有時一個油田的石油被抽取后，地面會發生下沉。

However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century. (TPO 23)

然而，土地開墾在17世紀中葉大幅減少，因為農產品的價格開始回落，使得土地開墾的利潤在17世紀下半葉不是那么豐厚了。

壓縮 ☆☆

代表單詞：compact

英文注釋：be capable of being pressed tightly together or to become so pressed (AHD)

拓展單詞：compressed, press together (2016, 2017)

預測單詞：condense, pack closely

老師說詞

高頻考試考詞，最近兩年常考。反義詞，“松散”，disperse，loosen，separate。

經典例句

As the air space around them is lessened by compaction and melting, the grains become denser. (TPO 15)

凝結與融化使顆粒四周的空隙減少，變得更加密實。

Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. (TPO 20)

像水母或蠕蟲這樣的軟體動物的葉子和組織可能會堆積，被掩埋和壓縮，失去揮發性的成分。

Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as 70 percent, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. (TPO 48)

當相對濕度低至70%時，水蒸氣凝結在這些粒子上，就會形成陰霾，大大降低能見度。