List 6

復(fù)雜的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：complex

英文注釋：something that is complex has many different parts, and is therefore often difficult to understand.

拓展單詞：elaborated (2014, 2017), sophisticated (2014, 2017), complicate (2014, 2017)

預(yù)測單詞：intricate, involved

老師說詞

請注意involved是形容詞。elaborate常考的兩個意思是“詳細(xì)闡述”和“復(fù)雜的”。sophisticate的常見意思是“老于世故”，但是在托福考試中，只考“復(fù)雜”意項。

經(jīng)典例句

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people.（TPO 13）

生活將我們置于復(fù)雜的人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)之中。

They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent. (TPO 27)

他們不再是一系列的小型部落，而是生活在一個有著更為復(fù)雜的社會組織關(guān)系的大社區(qū)里，很可能是按照共同祖先劃分的部族。

An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3, 300 B. C. to the appearance of writing. (TPO 26)

在公元前3300年左右，有文字記載的一個日益完備的行政系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)了。

The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered. (TPO 24)

當(dāng)考慮到實際的水量時，問題變得更加復(fù)雜。

The operations can be quite involved, requiring many procedures in order to restructure the anatomy.

手術(shù)可能非常復(fù)雜，需要很多程序來重組解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。

In Jan van Eyck's The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami, the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride's garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura. (TPO 44)

在揚·凡·艾克的畫作《阿爾諾芬尼夫婦像》中，枝形吊燈按透視法縮短了，加上畫中呈現(xiàn)的新娘服裝的復(fù)雜細(xì)節(jié)，這些線索使得霍克尼認(rèn)為作者使用了暗箱。

詳細(xì)描述 ☆☆

代表單詞：elaborate

英文注釋：work out with care and detail (AHD)

拓展單詞：in detail (2014), develop (2017)

預(yù)測單詞：dilate, expatiate

老師說詞

注意develop還可以表示“展開，詳細(xì)描述”。

經(jīng)典例句

The recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator's pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person. (TPO 1)

講述人通過自己的手勢和模仿把對一個事件的回憶過程（一次狩獵過程、戰(zhàn)役或其他功績）進(jìn)行詳盡描述，這種方式最終演變成為由不同的人來演繹不同的角色。

She developed her thesis in a series of articles. (AHD）

她在一系列文章中闡述了她的論點。

簡單的 ☆

代表單詞：simple

英文注釋：not involved or complicated (AHD)

拓展單詞：unsophisticated, easy (2014)

預(yù)測單詞：uncomplicated, uninvolved

經(jīng)典例句

The cattle herders had only a few possessions: unsophisticated pots and polished adzes. (TPO 28)

牧民的財產(chǎn)很少：一些并不精致的罐子和磨光的斧子。

No doubt the ability to talk about one's past represents memory of a different level of complexity than simple recognition or recall. (TPO 21)

講述自己的往事無疑代表了比簡單地認(rèn)出或回憶更為復(fù)雜的記憶過程。

Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. (TPO 46)

此外，黏土比較廉價，而且容易成型，這使得泥板不僅在美索不達(dá)米亞成為首選的寫作材料，而且在遙遠(yuǎn)的敘利亞、小亞細(xì)亞和波斯也很受青睞，甚至在克里特島和希臘也流行過一段時間。

基本的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：simple

英文注釋：of or relating to the foundation or base (AHD)

拓展單詞：rudimentary (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018), primitive (2016, 2017), basic, fundamental (2014, 2015)

預(yù)測單詞：elementary

老師說詞

注意rudimentary這個詞幾乎是年年考。

經(jīng)典例句

These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown. (TPO 30)

這些早期版本是基本的，但并不精確并且容易損壞。

Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engine.（TPO 34）托馬斯·紐科門在1705年發(fā)明了第一臺原始蒸汽機。

This most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. (TPO 12)

這一最基本的歷史分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)掩蓋了一系列悖論。

Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions.

即使是氣態(tài)的氮氣，通常也會被土壤中的硝酸鹽離子吸收。

本質(zhì)上地 ☆☆

代表單詞：basically

英文注釋：the intrinsic or indispensable properties that serve to characterize or identify something (AHD)

拓展單詞：in essence (2015, 2016), fundamentally, intrinsically, radically (2014, 2017)

預(yù)測單詞：inherently

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞，所謂“本質(zhì)上的”，就是在性質(zhì)上能明顯區(qū)分他者的東西。比如，電動車和燃油車，本質(zhì)上就是動力系統(tǒng)不同。

經(jīng)典例句

The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route. (TPO 16)

帝國中部盡管非常富足繁盛，但本質(zhì)上脆弱不堪，因為新的國際貿(mào)易線路的發(fā)展會動搖經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)并腐蝕國家權(quán)力。就在15世紀(jì)晚期瓦斯科·達(dá)·伽馬繞過非洲開辟南部航線以后，歐洲的水手們便繞過中東商人改走南部航線了。

The verbal abilities that blossom in the two-year-old allow events to be coded in a form radically different from the action-based codes of the infant. (TPO 21)

兩歲的兒童發(fā)展出的語言能力可以使他們對事件的組織方式與嬰兒基于動作的組織方式有根本的差異。

The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. (TPO 20)

蝸牛或蛤蜊的空殼可能會保留下來，如果空殼足夠堅固并且能防止分解，就有可能在很長一段時間內(nèi)基本上保持原樣。

重要的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：fundamental

英文注釋：strongly affecting the course of events or the nature of things (AHD)

拓展單詞：critical (2017), important, key (2014), significant (2014), essential (2017), indispensable (2017), vital

預(yù)測單詞：decisive

經(jīng)典例句

The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. (TPO 18)

這些國家之所以取得工業(yè)化成功，關(guān)鍵因素在于他們能夠適應(yīng)由早期工業(yè)化國家所制定的國際勞動力分配，以及利用自身優(yōu)勢堅持對國際市場的各專業(yè)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行跟蹤監(jiān)控。

All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. (TPO 18)

它們都能立即進(jìn)入相關(guān)海域，這對重要的國際資源、魚業(yè)以及廉價運輸、商船和造船工業(yè)有著重要的影響。

The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. (TPO 33)

河谷農(nóng)業(yè)在亞洲和非洲各個地區(qū)的推廣是第一個人類文明崛起的決定性因素。

The horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role.

在許多地區(qū)，馬已經(jīng)成為有威望的動物，盡管綿羊、山羊和牛也能發(fā)揮重要的作用。

However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. (TPO 23)

不過，令人驚訝的不是荷蘭農(nóng)業(yè)受到這些危機現(xiàn)象的影響而導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量和銷售量的降低，而是這些危機在荷蘭農(nóng)業(yè)中發(fā)生得相對較晚。

The focus of life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. (TPO 43)

市民們生活的中心是市集。市集是一個開放的市場，市民們可以在那兒集會，討論當(dāng)下的各種問題，以及如政府行政管理的目的、法律與自由的關(guān)系這類基本問題，并且每個人都做出自己的決定。

Records show that the increase in urban heat islands has had a significant warming effect on the global climate. (TPO 48)

有記錄表明，城市熱島效應(yīng)的增加對全球氣候產(chǎn)生了顯著的變暖影響。

Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy. (TPO 34)

曾經(jīng)稀少且昂貴的鐵制品，現(xiàn)在沒有那么貴了且成為一種基礎(chǔ)用品，是經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的不可缺少的一部分。

復(fù)制 ☆☆

代表單詞：duplicate

英文注釋：identically copied from an original (AHD)

拓展單詞：copy (2017), replicate (2014, 2017)

預(yù)測單詞：reproduce, clone

經(jīng)典例句

These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. (TPO 7)

這些書籍不僅有每個穆斯林都想誦讀的古蘭經(jīng)的手稿，還有科學(xué)作品、歷史書、冒險故事書、史詩書和詩歌書，它們都印有清晰的字跡和美麗的插圖。

Although marine botanist W. A. Setchell suggested early on that temperature was critical to the growth and reproduction of seagrass, it has since been shown that this particularly widespread seagrass grows and reproduces at temperatures between 2 and 4 degrees Celsius in the Arctic and at temperatures up to 28 degrees Celsius on the northeastern coast of the United States. (TPO 44)

盡管海洋植物學(xué)家W. A.薩契爾早期曾提出溫度是海草生長和繁殖的關(guān)鍵，但研究已經(jīng)證明，從2到4攝氏度的北極，到28攝氏度的美國東北海岸，這些廣泛分布的海草都可以生長和繁殖。

The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. (TPO 22)

銀板照片是唯一一張復(fù)制照相機鏡頭前端某些微小的、非選擇性的細(xì)節(jié)影像，不可以加印。

模仿 ☆☆

代表單詞：copy

英文注釋： copy the actions, appearance, mannerisms, or speech of (AHD)

拓展單詞：simulate (2014), imitate (2014)

預(yù)測單詞：mimic, emulate

其他考試形式： “模仿者”his imitator=the people who copied him (2016)

老師說詞

“模仿”和“復(fù)制”是有區(qū)別的，“復(fù)制”是指幾乎一模一樣，但是“模仿”是指照搬某人的動作、容貌、特殊習(xí)慣和講話等。注意，simulate是“模仿”，而詞形非常接近的stimulate是“刺激”的意思。

經(jīng)典例句

When researchers had one year olds imitate an action sequence one year after they first saw it, there was correlation between the children's verbal skills at the time they first saw the event and their success on the later memory task. (TPO 21)

當(dāng)研究人員讓一歲的兒童們在第一次見到一個動作順序后的一年模仿這個動作順序時，他們能否成功完成這個記憶任務(wù)與他們第一次看到這個事件時的語言能力相關(guān)。

Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabic handwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran. (TPO 34)

大約在公元900年，一套圓形的阿拉伯書寫方式開始取代在抄寫《古蘭經(jīng)》手稿中用到的角腳記錄方式。

多余；多余的 ☆☆

代表單詞：surplus

英文注釋：being more than or in excess of what is needed or required (AHD)

拓展單詞：extra goods (2017), redundant (2014)

預(yù)測單詞：excess, superfluous

其他考試形式：

名詞“多余”duplication=redundancy (2014), redundancy=surplus (2014)

老師說詞

其名詞和形容詞形式都考過，需要牢牢記住。注意rudimentary指“基礎(chǔ)的”，redundant是“多余的”。

經(jīng)典例句

The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. (TPO 18)

過剩的資金累積迅速地刺激了軍事要塞以外的經(jīng)濟，使經(jīng)濟興旺起來。

Leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers. (OG）

租賃土地用于開發(fā)風(fēng)力渦輪機，可以為農(nóng)民和牧場主提供額外收入。

If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. (TPO 18)

如果疲勞理論是正確的，那么當(dāng)人吸入額外的二氧化碳時，應(yīng)該能夠激發(fā)人們打哈欠，當(dāng)吸入純氧時應(yīng)該能夠抑制打哈欠。

The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. (TPO 16)

獨立行會進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，是因為貿(mào)易順差不是由國內(nèi)的工藝生產(chǎn)而產(chǎn)生，而是主要來自于國際貿(mào)易活動。政府允許勞動人民自主管理，這和部落首領(lǐng)讓牧羊者們離群索居一樣。

殘余 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：remain

英文注釋：be left after the removal, loss, passage, or destruction of others (AHD)

拓展單詞：relic (2014), remnant (2014, 2017), remainder (2015, 2017)

經(jīng)典例句

Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. (OG）

相對低矮的山脈的歷史往往更加久遠(yuǎn)，它們通常是高聳的山脈受到自然侵蝕的結(jié)果。

In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. (TPO 33)

在一些情況下，早期城市的地理區(qū)域劃分反映了社會整體上的嚴(yán)格等級制度特點，比如一堵威風(fēng)凜凜的高墻把皇宮和其余的城市居民分隔開來。

In the chest cavity of this specimen, which is housed in the Senckenberg Museum in Germany, are the fossil remains of conifer needles, twigs, seeds, and fruits. (TPO 48)

標(biāo)本存放在德國森肯堡博物館內(nèi)，在其胸腔內(nèi)，是針葉、細(xì)枝、種子和果實的化石。

參與 ☆

代表單詞：engage

英文注釋： involve oneself or become occupied (AHD)

拓展單詞：participate in (2014)

預(yù)測單詞：take part in, join in, undertake

其他考試形式1： “雇用”engage=hire

其他考試形式2： “忙于”engaged in=practiced (2017)

老師說詞

engage第一個意思是“參與”，第二個意思是“約定服務(wù)，雇傭”，即取得某項服務(wù)或簽了合同。比如engage a carpenter雇個木匠

經(jīng)典例句

It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials. (OG）

因此，可以毫不夸張地說，純藝術(shù)工藝品領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的從業(yè)者們需要克服原材料的局限，而從事應(yīng)用藝術(shù)的從業(yè)者們則不能脫離原材料創(chuàng)作。

The paintings were located where many people could easily see them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities. (TPO 4)

這些畫被放置在許多人可以很容易地看到的地方，旨在讓人們參加魔法宗教活動。

Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. (TPO 23)

北荷蘭有許多湖泊和臨海區(qū)，特別適合開墾土地，其中竣工的最大的一個工程是1608年啟動的貝姆斯特湖的排水項目。

逃避；逃跑 ☆

代表單詞：escape

英文注釋： run away, as from trouble or danger (AHD)

拓展單詞：evade (2014), run away from, flee

預(yù)測單詞：dodge, shun, avoid, miss

其他考試形式： “通過”course through=run through

經(jīng)典例句

Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of people fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. (TPO 7)

他們規(guī)模性地遷移拉開了序幕是因為，一方面是由于一場人們?yōu)樘颖苌衬倪\動而使該地區(qū)人口驟增，另一方面是由于撒哈拉沙漠太過干旱。

The ephemeral plants evade drought. (TPO 26)

短生植物可以抵御干旱。

Also, because the molecular motion of a gas depends on temperature, at the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the lightest gases are unlikely to acquire the speed needed to escape. (TPO 16)

同時又因為氣體分子運動取決于溫度，所以在類木行星這樣的低溫環(huán)境下，即使是最輕的氣體也無法達(dá)到所需要的逃逸速度。

取出

代表單詞：extract

英文注釋： draw or pull out, using great force or effort (AHD)

拓展單詞：take out of

預(yù)測單詞：withdraw, pull out

經(jīng)典例句

Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. (TPO 21)

在這個溫度范圍內(nèi)，水在熱儲層中循環(huán)能夠產(chǎn)生足夠的熱量來給住宅、商業(yè)區(qū)和工業(yè)區(qū)取暖。

The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. (TPO 19)

當(dāng)大量的水從海洋中蒸發(fā)掉，并且凝結(jié)成雪從而形成冰川的時候，海洋中氧的同位素比率會發(fā)生變化。

舉起，提升 ☆☆

代表單詞：elevate

英文注釋：move (something) to a higher place or position from a lower one (AHD)

拓展單詞：raise (2014, 2015)

預(yù)測單詞：lift, uplift, heighten

其他考試形式：

形容詞“高的”elevated=high (2016, 2017)

經(jīng)典例句

As the Little lce Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. (TPO 24)

隨著小冰川期的發(fā)展，農(nóng)民們可能會把他們的田地轉(zhuǎn)移到海拔較低的地方種植，這樣必然侵犯了其他農(nóng)民的土地，至此把人們集中到了一起，從而形成了聚居區(qū)。