List 8

早于

代表單詞：before

英文注釋：earlier in time (AHD)

拓展單詞：prior to

預測單詞：previous, anterior to, earlier than, ahead of

老師說詞

后綴-ior含有“比較于……”的意思，例如：posterior“晚于”，prior“早于”，superior to“優于”。

經典例句

Silent films with music accompaniment were aesthetically superior to sound films. (TPO 17)

帶有音樂伴奏的無聲電影在美學上優于有聲電影。

There is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B. C. (TPO 7)

有證據表明，早在公元前3000年以前，非洲就有了農業。

All the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. (TPO 15)

去年冬天下的雪都將融化。

For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out. (TPO 42)

例如，有些將恐龍的滅絕歸咎于開花植物的繁盛，這種植物據稱更難消化，可引起便秘和消化不良——但是開花植物最初是在前白堊紀進化而來的，也就是在恐龍滅絕前約6000萬年就出現了。

開始 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：initiate

英文注釋：set going by taking the first step (AHD)

拓展單詞：start (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017), begin (2014, 2016), launch (2017)

預測單詞：embark, onset, commence, primordial

其他考試形式：

形容詞“起初的”initial=first=original (2014)

老師說詞

initiate=start=begin這幾個詞每年都考。

經典例句

Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate. (TPO 11)

克雷默最新發起了關于動物是如何定位和導航的重要研究。

The primordial cloud of dust and gas from which all the planets are thought to have condensed had a composition somewhat similar to that of Jupiter. (TPO 16)

最初的氣塵云（所有的行星都被認為是從最初的氣塵云壓縮而生的）中有一種成分和木星的有些類似。

The solar system's original chemical composition is preserved. (TPO 8)

太陽系的原始化學成分得以保留下來。

Historian Frederic Lane observes that after the loss of ships in battle in the late sixteenth century, the shipbuilding industry no longer had the capacity to recover that it had displayed at the start of the century. (TPO 25)

歷史學家弗雷德里克·萊恩評述到，自從16世紀后期造船業因戰爭遭到重創就再也沒有能力恢復到16世紀初景氣的樣子了。

In the formation of many species, the initial isolation of a population seems to have been a geographic barrier. (TPO 42)

在許多物種的形成過程中，最初的種群隔離似乎來自一種地理上的屏障。

Another important push was the onset of the Little lce Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the northern hemisphere. (TPO 24)

另外一個推動力量是小冰河時代的到來，這種氣候現象導致了北半球氣溫的降低。

快的 ☆☆

代表單詞：fast

英文注釋：acting, moving, or capable of acting or movingquickly (AHD)

拓展單詞：swift (2014, 2015)

預測單詞：rapid, quick, flying, speedy

經典例句

The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular. (TPO 12)

有聲電影取得勝利，并迅速、全面、廣泛地流行起來。

The rapid expansion in international trade also benefited from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americans. (TPO 10)

國際貿易的迅速發展也受益于資本的注入，這些資本主要來自西班牙船艦從美洲帶來的金銀。

Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt—and eventually to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. (TPO 34)

造紙術很快傳播到了埃及，最終傳到了西西里島和西班牙。但是羊皮紙版的《古蘭經》被紙質版取代卻經過了幾世紀，或許是因為宗教藝術及其踐行者們的保守本性。

There are some submarine islands called guyots and seamounts, in which subsidence associated with sea-floor spreading has been too speedy for coral growth to keep up. (TPO 47)

有一些海底島嶼稱為平頂山或海底山，在這些地方海底擴張帶來的下沉速度太快，以致珊瑚礁的生長速度跟不上。

匆忙 ☆☆

代表單詞：hasten

英文注釋：If you hasten an event or process, often an unpleasant one, you make it happen faster or sooner.

拓展單詞：hurry (2016), speed up (2017)

預測單詞：precipitate, look sharp

老師說詞

這組詞在2016～2017年考過多次。

“匆忙”和“快”，這兩個詞只是在程度上有區別，“匆忙”表示非常得快！

經典例句

She more than anyone had hastened to sign the contract.

她比任何人都急著簽合同。

A great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. (TPO 19)

大量的水從海洋中蒸發掉，并且凝結成雪從而形成冰川。

逐漸的 ☆☆

代表單詞：gradual

英文注釋：moving, changing, or developing by fine oroften imperceptible degrees (AHD)

拓展單詞：slow (2015, 2016, 2017)

預測單詞：steady, even, regular

老師說詞

這組詞最近考了兩次。如果不是查詞典，很難知道gradual和slow竟然是一對同義詞。《韋氏詞典》上寫到，gradual所指的變化是微小或者難以察覺的變化。所以，這個詞在考試中，肯定是與含有“變化”意思的選項相關，而且這種變化很慢。《柯林斯詞典》寫到其變化幅度小（A gradual change or process occurs in small stages over a long period of time，rather than suddenly.）。所以說，該詞的考點并不是指速度上的快與慢，而是變化上的快與慢。其反義詞是sudden，overnight，abrupt。

經典例句

Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. (TPO 21)

地熱能在某種意義上講是不可再生的，因為多數情況下，從熱庫提取熱量要比靠緩慢的地質作用來補充熱量（熱量從堅硬的巖石傳送到熱庫中）快得多。

From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone. (TPO 19)

從這些海洋沉積物的分析來看，地質學家們發現和以前單單根據大陸的冰川漂移所發現的相比，冰川期和冰川消失期的周期更短、更有規律。

隨后的 ☆☆

代表單詞：subsequent

英文注釋：following in time or order (AHD)

拓展單詞：ensuing, later (2014, 2015, 2016), following (2014), following in time, followed (2017), succeed (2017)

預測單詞：succeeding

老師說詞

這里注意succeed。表示時間上的“隨后的”。

經典例句

The development of an understanding of the self becomes evident between the first and second years of life and shows rapid elaboration in subsequent years. (TPO 21)

對自我認識的發展在1到2歲之前非常明顯，并在隨后的幾年中表現得更加細致。

The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture. (TPO 3)

隨之而來的是灌溉農業的迅速興起。

側面的 ☆

代表單詞：lateral

英文注釋：of, relating to, or situated at or on the side (AHD)

拓展單詞：side (2014, 2015)

經典例句

The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection. (TPO 28)

然而，羽毛生長稀疏可以讓風從側面吹向皮膚，從而通過對流帶走熱量。

If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. (TPO 24)

如果有時候堵塞了“好”的一邊，比如過敏和感冒引起的堵塞，阻力就會大大增加。

普遍的，廣泛的 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：general

英文注釋：affecting or characteristic of the majority of those involved

拓展單詞：usual (2016, 2017), common (2016), prevalent, widespread (2017), recognized (2017)

預測單詞：accepted (2017), universal, prevailing

經典例句

Because of intense interest in developing and introducing sound in film, the general use of other technological innovations being developed in the 1920s was delayed. (TPO 12)

由于人們對在電影中開發并引入聲音的興趣濃厚，在20世紀20年代開發的其他技術革新的普遍應用被推遲了。

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific. (TPO 4)

在太平洋華盛頓州的普吉特灣地區，有兩種鹿很常見。

How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called "big men" within a single village or a collection of villages. (TPO 33)

最早的政府在這些地方是如何設立的不得而知，但是研究世界各地人類社群發展演變的人類學家已經發現在這一過程中都存在一個共同的階段，那就是在一個或幾個村落中都出現了“上層階級”。

In the end, despite insightful attempts to detect some general patterns, we may find it very difficult to reduce this topic to a simple， universal truth. (TPO 46)

最后，盡管這些富有洞察力的嘗試得出了某種普遍的規律，我們可能會發現很難將這個話題簡化成一個簡單的、普遍認可的事實。

徹底的，全面的 ☆

代表單詞：thorough

英文注釋1：A thorough action or activity is one that is done very carefully and in a detailed way so that nothing is forgotten. (AHD）

英文注釋2： exhaustively complete (AHD）

拓展單詞：comprehensive, complete (2017)

預測單詞：all-inclusive, all-embracing, full, broad

老師說詞

comprehensive，由comprehend派生出來，所以它有表示“可理解的”意思，但在考試中，主要還是考其“徹底的，全面的”之意，尤其近兩年，這個詞考得比較頻繁。其反義詞組意為“有限的；狹隘的”，即narrow，limited，incomplete。

經典例句

Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. (TPO 7)

從無限感動到深感厭惡，現代人對羅馬文明的態度各異。

The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. (TPO 31)

最近關于早教課程的綜合研究表明，從整體上看，學前教育意義重大，并且政府對教育項目投資越早越有助于未來減少投資成本。

總體上的，概括來說的 ☆☆

代表單詞：general

英文注釋：concerned with, applicable to, or affecting the whole or every member of a class or category (AHD)

拓展單詞：overall (2017), on balance (2014, 2017)

預測單詞：on the whole, in general

老師說詞

on balance常考常錯，不是“平衡”的意思，而是表示“總之”。

經典例句

It is not generally supported by teacher educators. (TPO 9)

它通常不受教育工作者的支持。

Some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. (TPO 31)

一些物種排擠掉其他物種，減少了生態系統的整體多樣性。

突然的 ☆

代表單詞：abrupt

英文注釋： unexpectedly sudden (AHD)

拓展單詞：sudden (2014, 2015)

預測單詞：unexpected, unanticipated, unforeseen

老師說詞

絕對的高頻考詞，sudden=abrupt，在2014～2015年之間至少考了5次。

經典例句

Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record. (TPO 8)

許多動植物從化石記錄中突然消失了。

The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly. (TPO 24)

血液中的二氧化碳濃度可能會突然下降。

偶然的，偶爾的 ☆

代表單詞：occasional

英文注釋：occurring, appearing, or taken at irregular or infrequent intervals (MWD)

拓展單詞：now and then (2014), once in a while

預測單詞：infrequent, odd, rare, irregular

老師說詞

now and then或許會讓人有點兒驚訝，它不是表示“現在然后”之意，而是表示“偶爾的”意思。

經典例句

Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. (TPO 4)

被稱為油輪的巨大載油貨船，在發生碰撞或意外擱淺（比如在1989年在阿拉斯加離岸時所發生的油輪擱淺）時，從油輪泄漏出的石油會在海面上形成浮油。

Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order, writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity. (OG）

在這些文件中，時而會出現一些順序打亂了的文字，這些文字不僅記錄了一些事實，還記錄下了富有創造性的智力活動。

The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. (TPO 24)

快波睡眠的空氣交換量要比慢波睡眠低，因為盡管在快波睡眠呼吸更加急促、更加混亂，會出現一些短暫的淺度呼吸或呼吸中斷。

隨機的 ☆

代表單詞：random

英文注釋：having no specific pattern, purpose, or objective (AHD)

拓展單詞：chance (2014), without pattern

預測單詞：casual, accidental, incidental, haphazard, unplanned, fortuitous, adventitious, purposeless

其他考試形式： “隨機地”at random=without a definite pattern

其他考試形式： “無規律性的”erratic=unpredictable

經典例句

They predicted that the colonies of aggressive species would show regular distributions, while those of nonaggressive species would show random or closely grouped (clumped) distribution. (TPO 32)

他們預測攻擊性物種的聚居地呈規則分布，而無攻擊性物種的聚居地呈隨機分布或集群分布。

A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. (OG）

橡樹的數量在一段時期內似乎是相對穩定的，它的存活可能更多地取決于面對競爭壓力的能力和抵御攻擊的能力，而非依賴于僥幸生存機會。

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. (TPO 5)

某些理論認為，波利尼西亞人曾經在海上迷失方向并且一直漂流，這使得他們意外地被困在孤島上，他們就這樣在很多太平洋島嶼上定居下來；與之相反的理論認為，這樣的壯舉是經過深思熟慮的，它是通過充分地準備了食物、農作物和牲畜后來完成這次殖民探險的，這似乎很合理。

非故意地 ☆☆

代表單詞：unintentionally

英文注釋：Something that is unintentional is not donedeliberately, but happens by accident.

拓展單詞：inadvertently (2017), accidently (2017)

預測單詞：involuntary, unintended, casual

老師說詞

這個詞指“非故意地”如果想弄明白什么是“非故意地”，首先要了解什么是“故意的”（deliberate），根據《韋氏詞典》，deliberate是指深思熟慮后做的決策（think about or discuss issues and decisions carefully）。因此“非故意地”，就是指沒有經過思考，偶然發生的事而已。

經典例句

This feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions. (TPO 5)

這一壯舉是經過深思熟慮的殖民化遠征運動完成的。

The lndependent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness" —creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy. (TPO 14)

獨立電視委員會（英國電視廣告監管機構）批評廣告商的“誤導行為”（有意或無意地給人傳遞錯誤的信號），目的是控制廣告商使用技術，使孩子難以判斷玩具的真實尺寸、動作、性能或構造。

Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. (TPO 17)

共生關系有時候表現為這樣一種方式，一個物種尋覓食物會經由另外一個物種不經意地暴露出來。

回憶 ☆☆

代表單詞：recall

英文注釋：When you recall something, youremember it and tell others about it.

拓展單詞：remember (2014), retrieve (2014), vacate (2017)

預測單詞：call up, evoke, recollect, look or think back to

經典例句

Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. (TPO 6)

大一些的孩子和成人經常試圖回憶那些他們曾經見過的事物的名字，但幼兒尚未對此進行語言化的信息存儲。

However, even children with low verbal skills showed evidence of remembering the event; thus, memories may be facilitated by but are not dependent on those verbal skills. (TPO 21)

但是，有證據顯示即使是語言能力很差的兒童也記得該事件，因此，語言能力可以促進記憶，但是記憶并不依賴于語言能力。