List 9

易于受到攻擊的 ☆☆

代表單詞：vulnerable

英文注釋： susceptible to attack (AHD)

拓展單詞：open to attack, susceptible to attack, unprotected (2015, 2017), exposed (2015)

預(yù)測單詞：easily damaged

其他考試形式： “容易受到”open to=subject to

老師說詞

實(shí)際上expose本意有兩個要點(diǎn)：即“可見”和“不受保護(hù)”。2015年考過unprotected=exposed這個組合。

經(jīng)典例句

For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was responsible, with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because, like modern reptiles, they were ectothermic (dependent on environmental heat, or coldblooded). (TPO 33)

很多年來，科學(xué)家認(rèn)為氣候變冷是恐龍滅絕的罪魁禍?zhǔn)祝驗榭铸埡秃芏喱F(xiàn)代爬行動物一樣是變溫動物（依賴于環(huán)境溫度，或冷血動物），面對氣候變化非常脆弱。

攻擊

代表單詞：strike

英文注釋： hit sharply, as with the hand, the fist, or a weapon (AHD)

拓展單詞：bombard

預(yù)測單詞：assail, attack

經(jīng)典例句

It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. (OG）

風(fēng)攜帶著細(xì)小的沙粒，這些沙粒會轟擊暴露在外的巖石表面，從而將其磨損成更多的沙粒。

Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention. (TPO 18)

擊中地面的閃電最有可能具有破壞性的影響，所以盡管它的發(fā)生概率只占所有閃電的20%，它備受科學(xué)界的關(guān)注。

Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. (TPO 20)

食腐動物和細(xì)菌的破壞、化學(xué)性腐爛、以及侵蝕等其他地質(zhì)作用都會非常不利于保存。

激怒 ☆

代表單詞：irritate

英文注釋：rouse to impatience or anger (AHD)

拓展單詞：annoy (2016)

預(yù)測單詞：provoke, anger, displease

老師說詞

2016年閱讀詞匯題考過irritate的“惱怒”這個含義，但是其在閱讀文章中出現(xiàn)的意思是“刺激”。“惱怒”的反義詞是“平靜”，比如soothe，please，calm，mollify，placate，這幾個詞都可用于表達(dá)這個意思，請一并記住。

經(jīng)典例句

A loud bossy voice that irritates listeners. (AHD）

這種響亮的、刺耳的聲音會激怒聽眾。

If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep. (TPO 24)

如果刺激足夠劇烈，會把睡覺的人驚醒，起來清理呼吸道，恢復(fù)呼吸后，很可能會重新入睡。

激發(fā)，刺激 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：stimulate (2014, 2015, 2017)

英文注釋： rouse to activity or heightened action, as by spurring or goading (AHD)

拓展單詞：prompt (2017), provoke, bring about, trigger (2017), cause, encourage (2017), start (2017), launch (2017)

預(yù)測單詞：inspire, spur, instigate

其他考試形式： “鼓勵”advocate=prompt (2015)

老師說詞

stimulate在歷年考試中多次出現(xiàn)，另外，這個詞本身就有因果關(guān)系的含義，比如，政府通過基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)，那么基建就是原因，經(jīng)濟(jì)上漲就是結(jié)果。provoke有兩個意思，一是“激怒”；二是“刺激”。prompt有三個意思，一是“激發(fā)”；二是“鼓勵”；三是“提示”，比如電腦中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的提示語，用的就是prompt。

經(jīng)典例句

The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. (TPO 19)

過剩的資金積累迅速刺激了軍事要塞以外的經(jīng)濟(jì)，使其興旺起來。

The best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. (OG）

避免有害攻擊行為的最好辦法可能是鼓勵危害較小的攻擊行為。

Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.

對于良田的競爭也會促使人們團(tuán)結(jié)起來爭取最好土地的權(quán)利。

The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government. (TPO 33)

出于監(jiān)督整個過程的需求，一個上層精英團(tuán)體出現(xiàn)了，它也逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變成了政府部門。

The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. (TPO 34)

造紙術(shù)的發(fā)明激發(fā)了一次概念變革，其影響還未曾可知。

入侵

代表單詞：encroachment

英文注釋：take another's possessions or rights gradually orstealthily (AHD)

拓展單詞：gradual invasion

預(yù)測單詞：trespass, intrusion

經(jīng)典例句

A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. (TPO 4)

鹿群處境的持續(xù)惡化是可以預(yù)料的，由于定居者不斷侵占土地、砍伐樹木、焚燒（植被）、清除（障礙物），最終將野外風(fēng)景變成了公路、城市、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和工廠。

By the early twentieth century, as government modernization in a sense caught up with what had been happening in the countryside since the 1870s, the government bureaucracy intruded more and more into village life. (TPO 32)

到20世紀(jì)初，隨著政府的現(xiàn)代化執(zhí)政方式在某種意義上已經(jīng)趕上了自19世紀(jì)70年代以來在農(nóng)村變革取得的一切成果，政府官僚主義對鄉(xiāng)村生活的影響越來越深入。

儒雅的

代表單詞：urbane

英文注釋：polite, refined, and often elegant in manner (AHD)

拓展單詞：cultivated

預(yù)測單詞：sophisticated, cultured, polished, civil

老師說詞

這個詞考得比較少，僅在TPO中出現(xiàn)過。urbane指的是“禮貌的，有教養(yǎng)的，舉止優(yōu)雅的”。refined作為形容詞，意為“舉止優(yōu)雅的”。

經(jīng)典例句

She describes him as urbane and charming.

她形容他文雅而迷人。

His mother was an elegant， cultivated woman.

他的母親是一個優(yōu)美、文雅的女人。

忍受 ☆☆

代表單詞：endure

英文注釋：carry on through, despite hardships; continue in existence (AHD)

拓展單詞：survive (2017), tolerate (2017), put up with (2017)

預(yù)測單詞：bear, stand

經(jīng)典例句

Certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures. (TPO 1)

某些種類的矮樹可以抵抗大風(fēng)和極低的溫度。

A complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests. (TPO 3)

一個復(fù)雜的頂級群落，如溫帶森林，可以抵御來自氣候和害蟲的干擾和入侵。

A few chondrules contain grains that survived the melting event, so these enigmatic chondrules must have formed when compact masses of nebular dust were fused at high temperatures—approaching 1, 700 degrees Celsius—and then cooled before these surviving grains could melt.

一些隕石球粒含有未被熔化的顆粒，所以當(dāng)致密的星云塵埃團(tuán)在接近1700攝氏度的高溫下熔化的時候，這些神秘的隕石球粒肯定已經(jīng)形成了，并且它們在那些幸存的顆粒熔化之前就冷卻了下來。

支持 ☆☆

代表單詞：support

英文注釋：aid the cause, policy, or interests of (AHD)

拓展單詞：champion, sponsor, back up (2014), sustain (2015)

預(yù)測單詞：uphold, side with

其他考試形式： 名詞“支持者”supporter=proponent (2016)

老師說詞

champion熟詞生義，其“冠軍”的意思很常見，但其動詞詞性卻表示“支持”之意。

sustain一詞多義，第一個意思是“維持”的意思，第二個意思是“支持”。

經(jīng)典例句

She sponsored Duncan's first appearance in Europe. (OG）

鄧肯在歐洲的首次比賽是由她贊助的。

Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. (OG）

這個觀點(diǎn)的擁護(hù)者們提供了一份關(guān)于人類經(jīng)歷昏迷狀態(tài)的報告，昏迷狀態(tài)暗指一種介于清醒和睡眠之間的極其微弱的意識狀態(tài)。

But this vegetation had a thin root mat with no soil formation, demonstrating that there was little long-term stability in plant cover, a finding supporting some of the arguments of Colinvaux. (TPO 45)

但是并沒有適合植被生存的土壤形成，說明本地區(qū)的植被不具備長期生存的穩(wěn)定性，這與柯林沃斯的某些觀點(diǎn)一致。

證明 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：justify

英文注釋： demonstrate or prove to be just, right, or valid (AHD)

拓展單詞：support, substantiate (2015), prove (2015, 2017), provide evidence of (2014, 2015), attest to (2014, 2015, 2017), confirm (2017)

預(yù)測單詞：warrant, approve, validate

經(jīng)典例句

Two types of images substantiate this theory. (OG）

兩種類型的圖像證實(shí)了這一理論。

The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock. (TPO 13)

這種在生物體內(nèi)沒有外界干預(yù)的生物節(jié)律，其延續(xù)性證明了它具有內(nèi)在的生物鐘。

Data from observational methods must be confirmed through multiple studies. (TPO 13)

通過觀測方法得到的數(shù)據(jù)必須通過多項研究加以證實(shí)。

加強(qiáng) ☆☆

代表單詞：reinforce(2014, 2015)

英文注釋：give more force or effectiveness to (AHD)

拓展單詞：support, strengthen (2014), make stronger (2015)

預(yù)測單詞：fortify, stress, prop, underline, bolster

老師說詞

fortify意為“鞏固，加強(qiáng)”，尤其是指對軍事的防御。

經(jīng)典例句

Sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces. (OG）

雕刻家們掌握了如何用鐵制支架來加強(qiáng)雕像的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。

Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. (TPO 47)

這反應(yīng)在當(dāng)時的建筑物中是，連最大的設(shè)防城鎮(zhèn)和山間堡壘中，最多也就是一些中型建筑物。

妨礙 ☆☆

代表單詞：impede

英文注釋： retard or obstruct the progress (AHD)

拓展單詞：obstruct, slow down (2014), inhibit (2014), restrict (2014), prevent

預(yù)測單詞：hinder, preclude, thwart, retard

其他考試形式： 名詞形式obstruction=obstacle (2017)

老師說詞

“阻礙”的反義詞應(yīng)該是“幫助，協(xié)助”，比如，help，aid，promote，assist。

經(jīng)典例句

One obstacle to the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to the sedentary lifestyle required by agriculture was that hunter-gatherers had not developed storage techniques. (TPO 21)

從游牧生活方式過渡到農(nóng)耕生產(chǎn)方式（這種生活方式需要定居下來）的一個絆腳石是狩獵者沒有學(xué)會貯藏保鮮食物的技術(shù)。

It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized. (TPO 17)

很難想象這種關(guān)系會對牛產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響，會在某種程度上促進(jìn)還是阻礙它們生長，目前還不得而知。

Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants. (TPO 8)

他們的計算結(jié)果表明，撞擊所揚(yáng)起的灰塵遮擋陽光達(dá)數(shù)月之久，抑制了植物的光合作用。

The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside. (TPO 48)

釋放出來的熱能被高聳的城市建筑物所阻攔，使得紅外線無法像周圍的鄉(xiāng)村那樣因為有相對空曠、平坦的地表而容易傳播出去。

事件 ☆☆

代表單詞：event

英文注釋：something that takes place (AHD)

拓展單詞：episode (2014, 2016), occurrence (2016), phenomenon

預(yù)測單詞：incident, happening, matter

老師說詞

在考題中event常與happen和occur一起出現(xiàn)。

經(jīng)典例句

Episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically. (TPO 15)

物種滅絕的現(xiàn)象在周期性地復(fù)發(fā)。

Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, literature, history, and law also appeared. (TPO 26)

有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的文本占主導(dǎo)地位，它們歷來如此。但同時，關(guān)于神學(xué)、文學(xué)、歷史和法律的作品也孕育而生了。

限制 ☆☆☆

代表單詞：restrict

英文注釋：keep or confine within limits (AHD)

拓展單詞：limit (2016, 2017), confine (2016), keep check in (2014)

預(yù)測單詞：curb, keep within bounds or limits

其他考試形式： 名詞形式constraint=limitation (2016)

經(jīng)典例句

Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle East, as caravans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by access to water and by mountain ranges. (TPO 16)

商貿(mào)是中東地區(qū)都市經(jīng)濟(jì)的至要命脈，好比商隊穿越浩瀚沙漠，而水源通道和延綿山脈決定商隊如何跋涉。

At the same time, both cattle and humans were more confined in their movements, staying much closer to permanent water supplies for long periods of time. (TPO 4)

同時，牲畜和人類的行為范圍進(jìn)一步靠近，在固定水源附近長期更親近地共處。

In contrast, the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced, and the energy constraints on the animals are much more severe. (TPO 45)

相比之下，在深海中的食物層級大大降低，對動物能量供給更受約束。

促進(jìn) ☆☆

代表單詞：promote

英文注釋：contribute to the progress or growth

拓展單詞：facilitate (2014), further (2014), advocate (2015), encourage (2015, 2017), foster

預(yù)測單詞：advance, boost, endorse

經(jīng)典例句

Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation. (TPO 4)

較高的溫度和壓力促進(jìn)沉積巖的形成。

The expansion of trade was facilitated by developments in banking and financial services. (TPO 10)

銀行和金融服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)大。

In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order. (TPO 16)

反過來，對土地以及鄉(xiāng)村生活穩(wěn)定性的深深依戀孕育了羅馬人的品格：即gravitas，責(zé)任感；peitas，對家庭和國家的犧牲精神；以及iustitia，一種對自然秩序的使命。

改善 ☆☆

代表單詞：enhance

英文注釋：make greater, as in value, beauty, or reputation

拓展單詞：promote (2015, 2017), improve (2017), refine (2015)

其他考試形式： 名詞形式refinement=improvement (2015)

老師說詞

“改善”和“促進(jìn)”，的確有語義交集，但是“改善”的范圍更大。比如，可以說社區(qū)環(huán)境改善了，但是不能說社區(qū)環(huán)境促進(jìn)了。

經(jīng)典例句

Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals. (TPO 1)

當(dāng)他們意識到自己的某些行為和期許的結(jié)果之間存在明顯的聯(lián)系以后，人們便開始重復(fù)、完善并且形式化這些行為，最終形成固定的典禮或宗教儀式。

Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. (TPO 31)

亞族群間的物理隔離可以促進(jìn)新物種的形成是因為隔離之后一個亞族群里的個體無法與其他亞族群個體交配，因此該族群里突變的基因?qū)o法與其他亞族群交流。

物質(zhì)的 ☆

代表單詞：physical

英文注釋：of or relating to material things (AHD)

拓展單詞：tangible (2014)

預(yù)測單詞：material, substantial sensible

其他考試形式： 反義詞形式no material=intangible

經(jīng)典例句

A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetuses airways. (TPO 19)

一個完全不同的理論認(rèn)為，打哈欠有助于幼兒期肺部的生長發(fā)育，但是對于成年人來說并無任何生理功效。這也暗示了打哈欠和打嗝或許能夠清理胎兒的呼吸道。