- 國際商務(wù)函電
- 孫芳 溫珺
- 4554字
- 2021-01-15 11:16:22
Things to be Noted by Business People Who Use English as a Second Language
1. Structure messages logically 信函結(jié)構(gòu)安排恰當(dāng)
(1)Opening 開頭
第一段陳述寫信或郵件的原因,主要包括:告知收到來信,提及一次見面或者交流,以便引出本次要討論的事情。
【Example】
(a)Thank you for your email of March 14.
(b)Meeting you and the other members of the product selection team last Friday was a pleasure.
(2)Body part 正文
函電的正文部分應(yīng)提供收信人需要了解的所有信息以及你要求對方提供什么樣的信息。每部分信息獨(dú)立成段,細(xì)節(jié)陳述應(yīng)清楚準(zhǔn)確。
【Example】
(a)We have shipped a replacement case of Humus Chips today at no charge. You should receive them within two days. There's no need to return the damaged product. You may dispose of the crushed chips anyway you wish.
(b)Being a new company with a new product, we want you to know that we value your business and will do everything we can to make sure this doesn't happen again.
(c)In addition, I am crediting $155 to your account to reflect a 20% discount off your original order.
(3)Conclusion(action or response)結(jié)論(行動或回應(yīng))
這部分表達(dá)希望收信人采取何種行動,也可以包括你將采取的行動。
【Example】
(a)Visit our website at www.xyz.com or call us at ××× to request a free quote. You'll find daily specials on our website and pictures of our latest offerings.
(b)Attached is our pro forma invoice. Please stamp and sign back soon.
(4)Close 結(jié)尾
通常只是簡單的一兩句話。常用的有:
【Example】
(a)Looking forward to hearing from you.
(b)Please call me or email me if you have any questions.
2. Write for a positive effect 力求積極的寫作效果
商務(wù)函電溝通的首要目的是傳遞信息,商務(wù)函電的文本需要清晰。此外,商務(wù)函電文本中傳遞出的友好積極的語氣對維護(hù)合作關(guān)系很重要,溝通的一方或者雙方如果英語都不是母語的話,對如何達(dá)到友好積極的寫作效果尤其需要特別注意,因為英語和其母語的表達(dá)方式不同。
(1)Use positive language 積極的語言
所有詞匯短語都傳遞出特定的情感情緒,有的表達(dá)褒義和積極情緒,比如supportive,appreciate,helpful;有的表達(dá)傳遞出不滿和指責(zé)等負(fù)面的情緒,比如failure,neglect,regret。當(dāng)今的商務(wù)溝通和談判中我們主張雙贏的合作關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)杯子是半杯滿,不是半杯空,積極肯定的語氣有利于建立長久的商務(wù)關(guān)系。
因此,在商務(wù)函電文本中盡量避免負(fù)面的字眼,比如problem,error,damage,destroy,failure,neglect。當(dāng)然,也不是絕對不可以使用,有的溝通情形需要表達(dá)這樣的意思,溝通中的強(qiáng)勢方更有可能使用這樣的字眼。
【Example 1】
(a)I regret to inform you that we cannot refund your deposit unless you return the goods within a week.
(a)句中斜體單詞regret傳遞出負(fù)面情緒,此外,unless…的語法結(jié)構(gòu)傳遞出負(fù)面、威脅的語氣。上句整體強(qiáng)調(diào)的是不友好的懲罰性的信息。試比較改成下面的表達(dá)方式,重點(diǎn)移到對方如果怎么做就能得到什么,語氣變得積極。
(b)You will be able to receive a full refund of deposit if you return the goods within a week.
【Example 2】
(a)This is the third time that you have made deliveries to our dissatisfaction.
(a)句中顯然在批評對方未交出滿意的貨物,如果寫作者確實(shí)需要表達(dá)這樣的情緒,未嘗不可。如果寫作者希望維持雙方友好的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系,不妨弱化責(zé)怪的負(fù)面語氣,試比較如下表達(dá),告知壞消息時表達(dá)自己的情緒,從和對方一起解決問題的角度寫作,溝通效果更積極。
(b)This is the third time that deliveries have been made in error. Is there anything wrong?
(2)Use a conversational style 會話體
商務(wù)函電中使用的英語側(cè)重于表達(dá)清晰度和溝通的效果,特別是網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得商務(wù)人士的溝通更為頻繁,更為迅捷,商務(wù)的書面溝通也趨向于口語體,猶如面對面的口頭溝通。
【Example 1】
(a)I shall be most pleased to avail myself of your kind suggestion when and if prices decline.
(a)句中的斜體詞組avail…of表達(dá)正式,對于商務(wù)函電寫作而言,強(qiáng)化了雙方關(guān)系的正式程度,而不是拉近雙方的關(guān)系。試比較下面的口語體的簡潔的表達(dá)。
(b)I will be happy to follow your suggestions if the price falls.
【Example 2】
(a)We would like to draw your attention to the fact that we have closed the account specified as requested.
(a)句中的同位語從句的運(yùn)用使得溝通很正式,表達(dá)客套冗長,不妨改為下面簡潔而且直接的句式。
(b)Please note that we have closed the account specified as you asked.
(3)Use a you-view point“以對方為先”的態(tài)度
“以對方為先”(you attitude, you view)的溝通方式的好處在于把關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)從自己移到讀者。人們溝通時常常從自我為中心的角度出發(fā),反映在商務(wù)函電寫作中,就是通篇的I和We為開頭的句式。如果進(jìn)行商務(wù)函電寫作時,能夠著眼于讀者的興趣和利益,著眼于對方的視角,能產(chǎn)生積極的溝通效果。例如:You will receive your coupon(s)by email 72 hours after your order has been shipped. 在英語國家的購物網(wǎng)站上,經(jīng)常可以看到這樣的“以對方為先”的表達(dá)方式,重點(diǎn)放在顧客可以得到什么,而不是自己提供什么。不僅僅簡單地用you開頭的句式就意味著“以對方為先”,更多地依據(jù)具體表達(dá)的情境選用適當(dāng)?shù)拇朕o。試比較下面各組中的表達(dá)效果。
【Example 1】
(a)You will be happy to hear that your scholarship has been renewed.
(b)Congratulations!Your scholarship has been renewed.
在此例中,(a)句的you-attitude反而顯得高高在上,(b)句的會話式的開頭自然。
【Example 2】
(a)You failed to sign your check.
(b)Your check was not signed.
在此例中的(a)句有怪罪別人的語氣,(b)句用被動式不針對人,只是針對事情,就事論事。
3. Keep messages concise 保持文本簡潔
(1)Use simple vocabulary 詞匯的簡潔
短詞清晰而且容易被理解,大詞難詞提高了文本的正式程度。 比如,facilitate shipment中的facilitate可以用更為簡潔的詞匯speed來表達(dá)。再比如,show比demonstrate要簡潔。
【Example】
(a)Maintaining non-technical vocabulary simplification is not always a facile principle to pursue.
(a)句中大詞的堆積不利于信息的理解和接受。試比較用簡明的詞匯把句子改為:
(b)Keeping non-technical words simple is not always an easy thing to do.
(2)Reduce wordy phrases 冗長詞組的刪減
冗長的詞組延緩了信息傳遞的速度,并沒有增加溝通的表達(dá)效果,不妨用更簡潔的單詞表達(dá)。比如for the reason that,due to the fact that,owing to the fact that,considering the fact that,on thegrounds that這些短語在商務(wù)性的寫作中可以用because,since或者that來代替。短語as regards,in reference to,with regard to可以直接改用簡潔的單詞about。一些名詞化的詞組同樣地弱化了信息中提出或建議的行動,改用動詞可以直接地表達(dá)意思。
【Example】
(a)The stability and quality of our financial performance will be developed through the profitable execution of our existing business, as well as the acquisition or development of new businesses.
(a)句中以-tion和-ment結(jié)尾的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)使得句子的意思晦澀,不利于商務(wù)信息的迅速傳遞,試比較:
(b)We will improve our financial performance not only by executing our existing business more profitably but by acquiring or developing new businesses.
(b)句中的動詞性結(jié)構(gòu)直接明了地傳遞信息。
(3)Keep sentences short 句子的簡短
長句會延長閱讀時間,需要讀者投入更長的注意力,而現(xiàn)今工作節(jié)奏的加快、注意力的碎片化,使得很少有人愿意對長句一讀再讀。在商務(wù)性寫作中,由于商務(wù)文件和合同等一些文本比較正式,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些復(fù)雜的長句,這樣的長句最好能夠斷成短句。
【Example】
(a)The best thing to do in this situation is to remember not to input more data, which can cause the data already entered to be lost and can result in your having to re-enter the data, and possibly you may need to re-enter the data from the previous entries that could have been corrupted.
(a)句過長。長句影響信息理解的速度,從而妨礙溝通的效率。這樣的長句可以切成幾個短句,一個句子一件事,使得信息更加清晰,試比較修改后的句子。
(b)The best thing to do in this situation is to stop inputting data. If you input more data, you may lose the data you have already entered. That may result in your having to re-enter the data you just entered and, possibly, the data from the previous entries that could have been corrupted.
(4)Use simple tenses 時態(tài)的簡潔
商務(wù)函電主要是傳遞和溝通信息,時態(tài)盡量簡潔,確保符合商務(wù)函電溝通的清晰、直接和簡潔的特點(diǎn)。
【Example 1】
(a)Should this trial order prove satisfactory to our customers, we may place repeat orders.
(a)句中的虛擬語態(tài)暗含著發(fā)生的可能性小,在此語境中,使用虛擬語態(tài)隱含著對自己的貨物信心不夠,語氣消極。不妨改用:
(b)If our customers are happy with this initial order, we may repeat our orders.
(b)句為簡潔的商務(wù)溝通中常用的條件從句。
【Example 2】
(a)We had been aware that the argument could have been less confusing.
(a)句中的語法用了完成時態(tài)和虛擬語態(tài),用在商務(wù)性的文本中較晦澀。試比較直接寫:
(b)We knew the argument was complicated.
(b)句中的一般過去時直接表述事件發(fā)生的時間,句子簡潔清晰。
4. Write Correct English 使用正確的英語
(1)Use words correctly 詞匯正確
商務(wù)函電溝通時,正確使用單詞才能使句子的意思清晰,避免歧義。
首先,拼寫上容易混淆的詞匯要拼寫準(zhǔn)確。比如,affect和effect,personal和personnel,principal和principle等拼寫不要混淆。
其次,意思上容易混淆的詞匯要區(qū)別開來。比如,下面例子中的infer和imply,formally和formerly意思不要混淆。
【Example1】
(a)I infer from your letter that conditions have improved.
(a)句中的infer 意思是draw the conclusion, 我們可以說Readers and listeners infer。
(b)Do you mean to imply that conditions have improved?
(b)句中的imply意思是hint, 我們可以說Speakers and writers imply。
【Example 2】
(a)The award will be formally presented at tomorrow's convocation.
(b)Tom formerly worked for the department of revenue.
此例(a)句中的formally意思是in a formal manner。(b)句中的formerly意思是at an earlier time。
另外,詞匯的搭配也是母語非英語者應(yīng)該特別要注意的一點(diǎn)。每個語言的詞匯都有其特定的搭配習(xí)慣,英文中對于詞語之間的搭配有很多約定俗成的規(guī)則,而這些規(guī)則與漢語中的搭配規(guī)則并不一致。比如,英文中的knowledge常常和get,acquire,gain搭配表示獲取知識,而如果說learn knowledge就是中式英語。
【Example 3】
(a)In the past the prices of digital products were so expensive that most families could not afford them.
(a)句中的prices只能與high,low,moderate等搭配,而不能與expensive搭配,expensive用來指物品本身而不是價格,因此可以改為:
(b)In the past the prices of digital products were so high that most families could not afford them.
或者:
(c)In the past digital products were so expensive that most families could not afford them.
(2)Use grammar correctly 語法正確
正確運(yùn)用語法是能夠正確表達(dá)信息的重要一環(huán)。由于不同語言的語法差異很大,對英語非母語的商務(wù)函電寫作者來說,掌握英語語法的正確使用方法需要尤其注意。
【Example 1】
(a)The Board is pleased to announce the promotion of Jane Doe to Acting Manager.
(b)The Board were split on the need for budget cuts.
此例(a)句中的集合名詞是作為一個整體的意思,就作為單數(shù)使用,謂語就用“is”。(b)句中的Board代表了董事會不同的聲音和觀點(diǎn),謂語用動詞“were”配合,這是主謂一致的例子。在中文語境中,這兩個句子不會出現(xiàn)主謂一致的問題,因而商務(wù)函電寫作時不要忽視這個語法點(diǎn)。
【Example 2】
試看下例中的語法問題:
(a)While reading the director's report, Gibbon's phone rang.
(a)句中的語法意味著reading的邏輯主語是Gibbon's phone,顯然不合邏輯。需要改成語法正確的(b):
(b)While Gibbon was reading the director's report, the phone rang.
(3)Use punctuations correctly 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號正確
盡管網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及使用使得語言使用也發(fā)生了一些變化,拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)和文法都變得不講究了,但是在商務(wù)函電溝通中,正確地使用語言包括標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,也是商務(wù)人士專業(yè)形象的反映。例如所有格符號(apostrophe)的正確使用,詞組ten years' experience,two weeks' notice,today's schedule中的所有格符號能夠放到正確的位置。但是the 1920s,yours,ours這樣的用法中則不需要用所有格符號。
用逗號分隔流水句(run-on sentence)也是英語非母語的商務(wù)函電寫作者容易犯的錯誤。流水句是指用逗號連接兩個或多個不帶關(guān)聯(lián)詞或連接詞的獨(dú)立句子,這在英語語法上是錯誤的。
【Example】
(a)Huang is the most diligent employee, I would like him on my team.
(a)句就是英文里的run-on sentence,缺乏連接詞來連接兩個獨(dú)立的句子。可以修改為下面的(b),(c),(d)或者(e), 商務(wù)英語寫作的關(guān)鍵是清晰簡潔,所以下面中的(c)是最簡潔的一種用法。
(b)Huang is the most diligent employee;(therefore,)I would like him on my team.
(c)Huang is the most diligent employee.(As a result,)I would like him on my team.
(d)Huang is the most diligent employee, and I would like him on my team.
(e)Because Huang is the most diligent employee, I would like him on my team.
5. Do editing and proof-reading 修改校對文本
現(xiàn)今的商務(wù)函電溝通頻率快,但是即使是一封簡短的郵件也需要完成初稿后回頭修改校對。因為讀者會一眼看出郵件的質(zhì)量,看出寫作者用英語來進(jìn)行商務(wù)溝通的能力,也能清楚地看出寫作者是否有專業(yè)的工作態(tài)度。
修改校對時,檢查拼寫、縮寫、語法等語言錯誤和格式不當(dāng)之處,可以運(yùn)用但不能完全依賴計算機(jī)的自動拼寫和語法檢查功能,機(jī)器不可能識別所有的錯誤。
修改校對環(huán)節(jié)同樣重要的是修改寫作的內(nèi)容,突出文本的重點(diǎn),刪減繁復(fù)的內(nèi)容,調(diào)整信息的位置,潤色語言,使自己的商務(wù)函電信息完整、連貫、簡潔、清晰和有說服力。
請注意兩組例子是有關(guān)句子的修訂。
【Example 1】
(a)The featured speaker will address the chemical disposal problem and how his or her company is handling it.
(b)The featured speaker will address the chemical disposal problem and how to handle it.
此例(a)句中的speaker對應(yīng)的代詞是his or her,放在句中意味著演講者還未選定,有些繁復(fù)和不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。(b)句中換了個表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu),避開了性別的問題。在修改和校對文本時,這樣的修改往往被商務(wù)函電寫作者所忽視。
【Example 2】
(a)Each of the supervisors is qualified to lead his team.
(b)All the supervisors are qualified to lead their teams.
此例(a)句中的supervisor如果碰巧都是男性,用his搭配不錯。但是在女性活躍在職場上的今天,使用這樣的性別歧視色彩的語言,顯然不當(dāng)。(b)句避免了這樣的錯誤。
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