序一

This book is a fascinating account of government-led efforts to revive the historical heritage of ten ancient cities in Shandong province. The revival of tradition in China has been widely discussed，but less well known is that these efforts concretize in the form of decisions to rebuild parts of ancient cities. Shandong province，richly endowed with culture and history，has been leading these efforts. As this book shows，however，reviving traditional cities is not a simple matter of copying and reimplementing the past. History does matter: each chapter includes a detailed discussion of each city's historical context and how it can and should inform redevelopment efforts. But so do contemporary needs，including the need to provide decent living spaces for city-zens and to make each city attractive for tourists who help to revitalize local economies. What's clear from this book is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to the question of how to balance often conflicting requirements for successful revitalization of cities. Each city，in consultation with city-zens and advised by outside experts，has taken its own unique path to reviving ancient buildings，roads，and infrastructure.

What these efforts have in common is precisely the effort to affirm each city's unique spirit. Why does this matter? It seems obvious that modern-day “city-zens” take special pride not just in the fact that they live in an urban environment with material benefits that make urban life desirable compared to rural life，but also in the fact that they live in an urban environment that is special relative to other cities. This urban pride—we can call it “civicism” （愛(ài)城主義）—is rooted in the feeling that a city is particular; it's hard to feel proud of a city that only expresses the homogeneity of globalization，just as it's hard to feel proud of a neighborhood McDonald's. A sense of community—something that seems as deeply rooted in human nature as the quest for personal freedom—typically needs to be attached to a community that expresses particular characteristics. Those special characteristics can be expressed in the way of life and values of city-zens—think of the residents of Qufu who are often inspired by Confucian values—but they also need to take concrete forms in distinctive urban environments. And the challenge might seem particularly daunting in Chinese cities that often seem to smother difference; the drab，uniform look of Chinese cities appear to have erased the diversity that provides a sense of community grounded in local particularity.

Chinese cities were subject to decades of Soviet-style modernization，followed by decades of American-style modernization. From the architectural point of view，it may be the worst of both worlds. But it's not too late to rebuild cities so that they express a particular spirit grounded in each city's distinctive culture and history. It is an immense challenge，but it's a hugely important challenge，worth striving for. There may be costs in the short term，but the long term benefits are immense，both for local city-zens who can derive a sense of belonging grounded in particularity and for tourists who can benefit from new and unique cultural experiences. This book shows how the challenge of reviving historical cities can be done with sensitivity to both history and to the present and future needs of the people. Of course，the challenge of reviving ancient cities is an unfinished and sometimes flawed project，and the book's critical perspective provides valuable suggestions for how cities in Shandong province might revitalize their ancient cores with even more sensitivity，thus providing guidance for not just other cities in China，but cities in the rest of the world too.

08/2018

【附本序的中譯本】

本書(shū)對(duì)山東省內(nèi)十個(gè)由政府所主導(dǎo)的古城歷史遺跡復(fù)興項(xiàng)目作出了精彩的評(píng)述。雖然現(xiàn)在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化復(fù)興這一話題廣受關(guān)注，但是卻較少有人將其與古城更新的一系列決策聯(lián)系在一起。山東省有深厚的文化與歷史底蘊(yùn)，也引領(lǐng)著中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化復(fù)興與古城更新的嘗試與努力。然而，正如本書(shū)所展現(xiàn)的那樣，古城更新并不是對(duì)過(guò)去的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)制與重現(xiàn)。歷史傳統(tǒng)的確很重要，書(shū)中的每一個(gè)章節(jié)都詳述了一個(gè)城市的歷史背景及其對(duì)于古城更新的意義。但與此同時(shí)，現(xiàn)下的需求也十分重要，包括為居民提供舒適的居住空間的需求，也包括回應(yīng)游客偏好從而激活地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的需求。本書(shū)向我們清晰地展現(xiàn)了這樣一種觀點(diǎn)：在如何平衡不同需求之間的矛盾與沖突，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)古城更新這一問(wèn)題上，并沒(méi)有放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的方法。通過(guò)引入居民協(xié)商與咨詢專家等方式，每個(gè)案例城市在歷史建筑的保護(hù)和修復(fù)、道路系統(tǒng)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的改造和完善中走出了具有自身特色的道路。

這些城市更新的嘗試具有一個(gè)共同的特征，即明確城市自身的獨(dú)特精神。為什么它如此重要？顯而易見(jiàn)的是，現(xiàn)代城市居民的自豪感不僅僅來(lái)源于城鄉(xiāng)比較之下物質(zhì)條件更加豐裕、生活更加舒適的城市環(huán)境，也來(lái)源于城城相較中城市環(huán)境所具有的獨(dú)特性。我們將這種城市自豪感稱為“愛(ài)城主義”（civicism），其根植于對(duì)于城市特殊性的感受；而那些在全球化浪潮下同質(zhì)化的城市空間卻很難喚起人們的自豪感，正如人們不會(huì)為麥當(dāng)勞周邊的社區(qū)感到自豪一樣。社區(qū)歸屬感深深根植于人的本性中，也體現(xiàn)了人們對(duì)于個(gè)人自由的渴求，它的存在依附于社區(qū)所體現(xiàn)的獨(dú)特性。這些獨(dú)特性可以表現(xiàn)為市民的生活方式與價(jià)值觀——正如時(shí)常受到儒家價(jià)值觀所感染的曲阜的居民——但是，獨(dú)一無(wú)二的實(shí)體性的城市環(huán)境也十分重要。然而，中國(guó)城市由于差異性的消弭而面臨尤為嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)；中國(guó)城市單調(diào)而統(tǒng)一化的外表抹殺了多樣性，而正是在這種多樣性基礎(chǔ)之上才產(chǎn)生了根植于地方獨(dú)特性的社區(qū)歸屬感。

中國(guó)城市曾走過(guò)幾十年的蘇聯(lián)模式的現(xiàn)代化之路，在隨后幾十年中又追求美國(guó)模式的現(xiàn)代化。然而，從建筑學(xué)的視角來(lái)看，這兩種城市發(fā)展模式非議頗多。雖然走過(guò)一些彎路，但從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始重建城市，從而尋求根植于城市獨(dú)特的文化與歷史中的城市精神為時(shí)未晚。這是一項(xiàng)艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)，但卻十分重要，值得我們?yōu)橹Αｋm然短期內(nèi)難見(jiàn)收益，但是長(zhǎng)期的增益可觀，這既包括通過(guò)打造地方特殊性來(lái)重塑地方居民的歸屬感，也包括為游客帶來(lái)新奇和獨(dú)特的文化體驗(yàn)。本書(shū)向我們展現(xiàn)了在應(yīng)對(duì)古城更新這一挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，如何處理人們對(duì)于歷史的、當(dāng)下的與未來(lái)的需求。當(dāng)然，古城更新這一任務(wù)尚未完成，實(shí)踐中也出現(xiàn)了很多問(wèn)題。本書(shū)以其批判性的視角為山東省城市歷史內(nèi)核復(fù)興提供了珍貴的建議，極具敏銳的洞察力，也因此為中國(guó)其他地方的城市乃至世界其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)的城市提供了指導(dǎo)和借鑒意義。

山東大學(xué)政治學(xué)與公共管理學(xué)院

（翻譯　黃晴）
2018年8月