第2單元　威廉?莎士比亞

2.1　復習筆記

William Shakespeare （1564-1616） （威廉·莎士比亞）

1Life （生平）

Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet. He was born on April 26, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 7, Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading, writing, Latin and Greek. He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances. At 18 he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him. After he moved to London around 1586, he once worked as an actor, a playwright, and a part owner of a theater company. In 1612, he went back home and bought a house called New Palace. He died on April 23, the anniversary of his birth, in 1616 and was buried in Stratford Church.

The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that “He is not for an age, but for all times!”, indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.

莎士比亞是世界最著名的劇作家和詩人。他出生于1564年4月26日英格蘭埃文河畔的斯特拉福德。7歲時上當地的文法學校，學習閱讀、寫作、拉丁語和希臘語。他成了當地的教師，并且漸漸熟知戲劇表演。莎士比亞18歲就和一位農夫的女兒結婚，她比莎士比亞年長8歲。1586年前后他搬到倫敦，之后做過演員、劇作家和劇院股東。1612年，他回到家鄉，買了一幢名為新宮的房子。他逝于1616年4月23日他生日的那一天，安葬在斯特拉福德教堂。

莎士比亞同時代的另一著名作家本·瓊森稱贊“他不屬于一個時代，而是屬于永遠”，表達了數百年來莎士比亞在世界文明和文學史上的重要地位。

2A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays （莎士比亞戲劇目錄）

Thirty seven of Shakespeare’s plays have come down to us. But it is often difficult to date a given play precisely. Scholars worked out the chronological order of his plays, based on three kinds of evidence: external evidence (records of performance and publication, or references in contemporary works); internal evidence (allusions in the plays to contemporary events, or quotations from contemporary works); stylistic evidence (changes and developments in Shakespeare’s use of blank verse, rhyme and prose).

莎士比亞的37部戲劇流傳至今。但是戲劇時間難以確定，學者們根據三類證據將其編年：外部證據（表演和出版記錄，或參考同時期作品）；內部證據（作品中引用的同時代事件，或者同時代作品引語）；文體證據（莎士比亞使用無韻體、韻律和散文技術的變化）。

1590  Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅱ  《亨利六世，第二部》

Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅲ  《亨利六世，第三部》

1591  Henry Ⅵ, Part Ⅰ  《亨利六世，第一部》

1592  Richard Ⅲ  《理查德三世》

The Comedy of Errors  《錯中錯》

1593  Titus Andronicus  《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》

The Taming of the Shrew  《馴悍記》

1594  The Two Gentlemen of Verona  《維洛那二紳士》

Love’s Labour’s Lost  《愛的徒勞》

Romeo and Juliet  《羅密歐與朱麗葉》

1595  Richard Ⅱ  《理查德二世》

A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之夢》

1596  King John  《約翰王》

The Merchant of Venice  《威尼斯商人》

1597  Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ  《亨利四世，第一部》

Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅱ  《亨利四世，第二部》

1598  Much Ado about Nothing  《無事生非》

Henry Ⅴ  《亨利五世》

The Merry Wives of Windsor  《溫莎的風流娘們》

1599  Julius Caesar  《朱利尤斯·凱撒》

As You Like It  《皆大歡喜》

1600  Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》

1601  Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》

1602  Troilus and Cressida 《特洛伊羅斯與克萊西達》

1603  All’s Well That Ends Well 《終成眷屬》

1604  Measure for Measure 《一報還一報》

Othello  《奧賽羅》

1605  King Lear  《李爾王》

Macbeth  《麥克白》

1606  Antony and Cleopatra  《安東尼與克里奧佩特拉》

1607  Coriolanus  《科利奧蘭納斯》

Timon of Athens  《雅典的泰門》

1608  Pericles  《佩力克爾斯》

1609  Cymbeline  《辛白林》

1610  The Winter’s Tale  《冬天的故事》

1611  The Tempest  《暴風雨》

1612  Henry Ⅷ  《亨利八世》

3Periods of Shakespeare’s Plays （莎士比亞戲劇分期）

a. Histories and comedies before 1600, such as Henry VI, Love’s Labour’s Lost, Richard III, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor. (Romeo and Juliet of this period is exceptionally tragic). This period is a period of “great comedies”. The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment.

b. Tragedies from 1600 to 1608 including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth (even the comedies written in this period like All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure are touched with sadness). This is the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”.

c. Tragicomedies and romances from 1608 to 1612 such as The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest.

a. 1600年以前的歷史劇和喜劇，如《亨利六世》，《愛的徒勞》，《理查德三世》，《仲夏夜之夢》，《威尼斯商人》，《溫莎的風流娘們》（《羅密歐與朱麗葉》是這一時期的悲劇）。這一時期產生了“偉大喜劇”。這些喜劇主要是關于年輕人之間的愛情，充滿浪漫氣息。

b. 1600—1608年的悲劇，包括《哈姆雷特》，《奧賽羅》，《李爾王》和《麥克白》（這一時期的戲劇如《終成眷屬》，《一報還一報》也渲染了悲傷氣息）。這是“偉大悲劇”和“陰郁喜劇”的時期。

c. 1608-1612年的悲喜劇和傳奇，如《冬天的童話》，《暴風雨》。

4Selected Works （選讀作品）

◆Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

(1) Main plot（主要情節）

The protagonist is the prince of Denmark, and a student at the University of Wittenberg, Hamlet. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, has recently died, and his mother, Queen Gertrude, has married the new king, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Hamlet is melancholy, bitter, cynical and full of hatred for his uncle and disgust at his mother for marrying him. When the ghost of Hamlet’s father appears and claims to have been murdered by Claudius, Hamlet becomes obsessed with avenging his father’s death. Mistakenly, he kills Polonius, father of Ophelia. Ophelia, lover of Hamlet, goes mad because of her father’s death and then is drowned in a stream. This leads to Ophelia’s brother—Laertes’ hatred for Hamlet. In the duel between Laertes and Hamlet, Laertes wounds Hamlet but is himself struck with the same poisoned weapon, which is made by Claudius. Before his death, Hamlet stabs Claudius while the queen has drunk a poisoned cup of wine intended for Hamlet.

該劇主人公哈姆雷特是丹麥王子，威登堡大學生。戲劇開端，哈姆雷特的父親丹麥國王突然逝世，他的母親格特魯德皇后嫁給哈姆雷特的叔叔，新任國王克勞狄斯。哈姆雷特悲痛不已、憤世嫉俗，憎恨他的叔叔，厭惡他的母親。當父親的鬼魂出現，告訴他自己是被克勞狄斯害死時，哈姆雷特一直想著要為父報仇。在復仇過程中，他誤殺波隆尼爾，歐菲莉亞的父親。歐菲莉亞是哈姆雷特的情人，她因父親的死精神失常，最后溺水身亡。這引起了歐菲莉亞的哥哥雷爾提對哈姆雷特的仇恨。在兩人的對決中，雷爾提用有毒的武器刺傷哈姆雷特，雷爾提自己也被同樣的武器所傷。武器上的毒是克勞狄斯作為。哈姆雷特臨死之際用力刺向國王，王后也喝下了克勞狄斯準備給哈姆雷特的毒酒。

(2) The character of Hamlet（哈姆雷特人物分析）

Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit.

Though a scholar, he is at the same time fearless and impetuous in action. He is a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He loves good and hates evil. He cares for nothing but human worth and shows contempt for rank and wealth. He is a close observer of men and manners. He easily sees through people.

The keynote of Hamlet’s character is melancholy. Revenge is easy, but it is not merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks. What is more important is to expose the roots of the evil and to establish a reign of justice. His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of society. This is the cause of Hamlet’s profound melancholy and his delay in revenge.

哈姆雷特是一個擁有智慧和教養，觀察力敏銳的英杰。雖然身為學者，但他行事沖動且毫無畏懼。他是位人文主義者，從中世紀的偏見和封建束縛中解放出來。他愛憎分明，關心人本身，不論貧窮貴賤。他對人事觀察仔細，能夠看透人心。

他最明顯的性格特征是憂郁。當決心開始復仇后，他認識到重要的不只是復仇，怎樣揭露現世的丑陋并建立公正的社會才是關鍵。因此他的責任上升到改造社會。這是他行動遲疑，表現憂郁的主要原因。

◆Romeo and Juliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》

Romeo and Juliet, the teenaged children of two feuding families (Montagues and Capulets, respectively), meet at a feast and fall in love. They are secretly married by Romeo’s confessor and father figure, Friar Laurence, with the assistance of Juliet’s nursemaid. Unfortunately, Romeo retaliates by fighting Tybalt and killing him, and is penalized with banishment. Unaware of Juliet’s secret marriage, her father has arranged for her to marry wealthy Count Paris. In order to escape this arranged marriage and remain faithful to Romeo, Juliet consumes a potion prepared by Friar Laurence, intended to make her appear dead for 42 hours. Friar Laurence plans to inform Romeo of the hoax so that he can meet Juliet after her burial and escape with her when she recovers from her swoon, but the news of Juliet’s death reaches Romeo before the friar’s letter. In despair, he goes to the tomb and there drinks a poison, killing himself. Awakening shortly after he expires, Juliet discovers a dead Romeo and proceeds to stab herself with his dagger. Later, the two families attend their joint funeral together, and the narrator’s voice states that “A glooming peace this morning with it brings”.

一對出生于兩個勢不兩立的家族的男女青年——羅密歐與朱麗葉——熱烈的相愛了，然而，家族之間的留學仇恨使他們無法將戀情公開。在朱麗葉乳母的幫助下，兩人得以見面，傾訴衷腸；好心的神父又為他們舉行了秘密婚禮。可是羅密歐因失手殺了對方家族中人而被驅逐出城，朱麗葉的父母又執意要將她嫁給另一貴族青年。在神父的幫助下，朱麗葉喝下藥酒，佯裝死去，以便被送進家族墓穴后與羅密歐見面。然而，這個消息未能及時報知羅密歐。他進入墓室，以為朱麗葉真已死去，便服毒自殺。朱麗葉醒來，明白羅密歐已死，悲痛中用匕首自殺身亡。年輕戀人的死亡使雙方家庭悲痛欲絕，但也使兩個家族的仇恨終于化解。

Comment作品賞析

Romeo and Juliet is one of the famous love-tragedies in the works of Shakespeare. Through the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare had connected the love theme with conflict in the renaissance period. In the thesis, he criticized feudal mores and expressed ideals of pursuing personal freedom and welfare. So the religious reform and humanism were main cause of tragedy in that period of time. And the personality of characters was also the reasons for the tragedy in this work.

《羅密歐與朱麗葉》是莎士比亞著名的愛情悲劇之一。莎士比亞正是通過羅密歐與朱麗葉的愛情悲劇，把愛情題材和文藝復興時期的社會矛盾聯系起來，批判了封建道德觀念，表現了人文主義追求個人自由和個人幸福的理念。所以，這一時期的社會主義宗教改革和人文主義思想是悲劇產生的一個重點，而作品中的人物個性也是悲劇產生的一個重要因素。

◆Sonnet 18（十四行詩之18）

The collection contains 154 sonnets, commonly thought to be written between 1593 and 1599.

They may be roughly divided into three groups: numbers 1-17 are variations on one theme. A handsome young man is being persuaded to marry and beget offspring who will preserve his beauty in a new generation, though he himself will lose it as he grows old; 18-126 are on a variety of themes associated with a handsome young man (who is presumably the youth of 1-17). The poet enjoys his friendship and is full of admiration promising to bestow immortality on the young man by the poems he writes in his honour. The rest are about a married woman with dark hair and complexion, by whom the poet is attracted, though well aware of her faults.

In the sonnet, the speaker compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. He also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem. Sonnet 18 is written in the typical Shakespearean sonnet form, having 14 lines of iambic pentameter ending in a rhymed couplet.

詩集包括154首十四行詩，多被認為寫于1593——1599年間。

這些詩按照主題可分為三類：前17首是規勸一位美少年盡早結婚產生后代，來延續他的美麗，因為隨著年齡增長，他的美麗會日漸消退。第18——126首的寫作對象很可能與前17首相同。詩人非常珍視兩人之間的友情，并且承諾要用自己的詩歌來賦予少年永生。其余詩歌描寫一位黑頭發黑皮膚的已婚婦女，盡管了解她的不足，詩人還是被她吸引。

在這首詩中，詩人把他所愛的人比作是夏天，但比夏天更美。詩人還表達出希望愛人能與這篇詩作永存的情感。這首詩是用典型的莎士比亞體寫的，用了典型的五音部抑揚格。