《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》和《希波克拉底文集》女性身體觀比較研究

楊李瓊^[1]

摘要 《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》和《希波克拉底文集》是中西醫(yī)學經(jīng)典，其中有很多關于女性身體的論述。本文將在前人研究成果的基礎上，從以下三方面對二者的女性身體觀進行比較研究：對女性身體的書寫、對女性身體的界定和作為母體的女性身體。首先，關于女性身體的書寫，本文將從書寫者、檢查者、目標受眾和書寫風格四方面進行比較。其次，關于女性身體的界定，本文將從歷時性、月經(jīng)、軀體、疾病中男女身體的殊同、性交中的兩性身體和女體的美容六方面進行比較。最后，關于作為母體的女體，本文將從合格的母體、子宮和生命的誕生、胎兒性別的決定因素、如何判斷是否懷孕和胎兒性別四方面進行比較。我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，首先，《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中的女性身體是“黃帝身體”，而《希波克拉底文集》中的身體觀并不能簡單地用“單性身體”來概括。其次，《希波克拉底文集》中關于女性身體的描述是基于經(jīng)驗觀察，而《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中的女性身體是以陰陽、經(jīng)絡和氣理為基礎的身體。最后，這兩部經(jīng)典中關于女性身體的寫作風格和對女性身體的理解受到性別視角的深刻影響。在此基礎上，本文認為，這些異同與相關時代背景、文化特征和醫(yī)學視角密切相關。

關鍵詞 《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》 《希波克拉底文集》 女性身體觀

Abstract Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor and Hippocratic Corpus are classical Chinese and Greek medicals works，that feature a multitude of discussions on the female body. Based on past research，this article will compare the concepts of the female body from following three aspects：the subject of the female body，the definition of the female body，and the female body as the body of a mother. Firstly，regarding the subject of the female body，I will compare the writers，the people who examine the body，target audiences and writing styles. Secondly，on the definition of the female body，I will examine the male and female bodies from the following six aspects：the body in the physical development cycle，menstruation，the physical body，a diseased body，the body in sexual intercourse and the beauty of a female body. Finally，regarding the female body as the body of a mother，I will compare the following four aspects：what qualifies a body to be a mother，womb and the birth of life，determinants of the baby’s sex，and how to determine whether the women is pregnant. Then，we will look at，firstly，the female body in Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor is “Yellow Emperor’s body”，but the body in Hippocratic Corpus is not “Uni-sexual body”. Secondly，compared to the description of the physical body based on the observation in Hippocratic Corpus，the physical body in Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor is still a body based on Yin and Yang，Meridians，and Qi theory. Thirdly，the writing style and the understanding of the female body in these two classics have been deeply influenced by a gender perspective. The article will conclude that the similarities and differences are closely related to the relative era background，cultural characteristics and medical perspective.

Key words Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor Hippocratic Corpus the concept of female body

作為中國和希臘醫(yī)學經(jīng)典，《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》和《希波克拉底文集》一直備受傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學史研究者重視。目前，有不少關于其身體觀的專著，也有學者對二者身體觀進行了比較研究，筆者認為，可以更深入細致地比較二者的女性身體觀。本文將在回顧研究現(xiàn)狀的基礎上，從對女性身體的書寫、對女性身體的界定和作為母體的女性身體三個方面進行比較研究。