涵化還是寬容？莫臥兒時期北印度的信仰間關系

〔美〕穆扎法爾·阿拉姆

〔美〕桑杰·蘇布拉曼亞姆 著

袁先欣 譯^[1]

摘要：本文試圖處理的是莫臥兒時期北部印度“寬容”和“涵化”主題的相對重要性問題。相較從處理該問題的規范性、神學論的材料入手，本文選取了另一種策略，即利用莫臥兒統治下的波斯文游記敘述史料。本論文選取了17世紀晚期到18世紀的三個游記文本，這些文本特別清晰地展示出的是，莫臥兒世界是由不同因素和立場、文學傳統和宗教遺產相當復雜地混合而成的。在作者們看來，他們并不簡單地感覺到自己所身處的是一個完全寬容的環境，徹底對立完全強迫性的環境；更大程度上，他們發現自己身處在涵化的潮流當中，他們無法對之加以拒絕（同時他們一般也不愿拒絕）；真正對他們開放的選擇，是抓住各種可能性，并利用它們實現自己的現實目的。

關鍵詞：寬容 涵化 莫臥兒印度 游記敘述 信仰間關系

Abstract：In this essay，our attempt will be to address the issue of the relative importance of themes of “tolerance” and “acculuration” in Mughal North India. Rather than dealing with normative or theological materials on the question，our approach will take a different tack，drawing upon the body of travel narratives in Persian from the Mughal domains. This paper picks up three travel texts from late 17th century to 18th century. What is particularly evident in these texts is that the world of the Mughals was seen through them as comprising highly complex mixture of elements and attitudes，literary traditions and religious inheritances. The authors did not simply feel that they were in a tolerant milieu as opposed to a coercive one. Rather，they found themselves caught up in a tide of acculturation that they could not （and often did not wish to） resist；the real option open to them was to seize hold of the possibilities and use them to their own pragmatic ends.

Keywords：Tolerance Acculturation Mughal India Travel Narrative Inter-faith Relation