柱狀圖
柱狀圖多以數據間的比較為主，常見的柱狀圖一般是由兩三個單柱圖組成或者僅有一個多柱圖。如果一個圖表中的數據是單條的，這類單柱圖在分析時最重要的是要寫出其中的最大值和最小值（以下稱為極值）并進行比較（橫比），此外還要注意是否有相同或類似項目的比較。如果圖中的項目多于四項，一般還需要寫出第二大項（以下稱為排序），然后再把其他剩下的項目合并成一項來寫（以下稱為歸類）。
單柱圖一般都是由幾個圖組成，對于第二個或其余的圖，除了類似于第一個圖的分析外，還應該包括兩個圖之間同一個點在不同時期或項目上的比較（縱比）：即哪幾個數據不變，哪幾個數據差距明顯。此外兩個圖之間一般會有某種聯系，還應注意分析。如果圖表數目較多，在選取數據時應做相應的調整，不能取得太多，以免耽誤作文的時間。
如果是多組數據組成的柱狀圖，處理起來難度比較大，容易縱橫比混為一談且思路不清。這種多柱圖一般情況下橫縱坐標會分別一個表示數量，另一個表示參比項目，每個項目上會由幾個數據構成。在分析時可以以每一個數據為主線，比較其在不同項目上的數量變化；如果項目有一定的連續性（如年代、收入的由高到低等），還要寫出增減的趨勢。也可以以每個項目為一個單位，寫出該項上的幾個數據的極值，并與其他項目比較。有的多柱圖以單個數據為參照物或以每個參比的項目為參照物寫都可以，但有的多柱圖寫法是有難易之分的。根據單個數據或者項目的數量多少，建議大家把其中數量少的一個作為主線，這樣比較好操作。
下面我們來看一個柱狀圖的處理：
題目要求是：The two graphs show the deaths and medical research funding in Australia in 1990.對于第一個圖，我們可以很清楚地看到各種死亡原因中TB所占比例最高（極值），差不多是其他疾病的總和（比較）。而其他的幾類致死率都不是特別高（歸類），但leprosy是最低的（極值）。而從第二個圖上我們可以明顯看到TB方面的藥物研究經費是最低的（極值），由此還可以大膽假設和第一個圖的關系（聯系）；與TB的費用相反的是用于艾滋病（AIDS）方面的研究經費最多（極值），大概是前者的5倍（比較）；此外圖中還有值得提及的地方是用于 tropical diseases和leprosy的開銷幾乎是一樣的（類比）。這個圖分析至此差不多就把所有的內容都包括了，接下來的就是把這些句子聯系到以前學過的常用單詞和句式上來組織句子。先請看以下幾個示范：
Deaths in Australia in 1990（millions）
【原創范例】
Among various reasons for the deaths of Australian in 1990，TB took the lead and claimed more than 1. 8 million lives, outnumbering the total mortality of all the other listed diseases.
For the remaining 5 categories of diseases, each caused a certain number of deaths, but all with a minor proportion.Leprosy, in contrast with TB, was the least fatal illness, of which only about 0.1 million persons were reported died.And the second chart illustrates the allotment of medical research funding on different kinds of disease.The most conspicuous item was TB, only 1/5 of the largest money spent on AIDS, which might account for the extremely high mortality rate by TB during the same time.
Another point worth mentioning in the second chart is that tropical diseases and leprosy were funded similarly, about 75 million.
以上是柱狀圖的寫法，下面我們來看一下柱狀圖的分析示范：
這個多柱圖是由男女兩組數據組成，共分為縱坐標上的5個項目（不同的文憑或學位）的比較。根據前面我們所講內容，這個圖明顯以男女作為比較的參照，更好操作。
【原創范例】
Nearly 100%of men held the skilled vocational diploma, which posed the most striking difference with women, about 1/9 of the figure of men. Besides, for 2 more items, postgraduate diploma and master's degree, men with these academic titles also had a predominance, and especially for the postgraduate diploma, the percentage of males，70%was significantly more than that of the opposite gender，30%.But ladies showed their advantage in the other 2 categories：those having acquired a undergraduate diploma reached 70%，2 times that of men, and as to the item of bachelor’s degree, females also had 10%more and this was the only one with the quite similar number of holders.
上文中首先是以男女的極值開始寫的，這是一個差距最大的對照。然后繼續寫男性居多的兩項，也是按順序往下寫的。接著But一轉，進入到女性所占比例居多的兩項，也是排序的。最后在前面反復比較的情況下提了對全圖的總結。在句式上，第一句用的是定語從句，第二句是一個比較長的并列句，而第三句則用的是分號進行排比。在比較的表達上，分數、倍數、百分比等幾種方式均有。這樣分析數據條理清楚，表達方式又不至于單調乏味。
接下來，我們來看一種特殊的柱狀圖：疊加柱狀圖（stacked bar chart）。
這道題的題目是：The chart below shows the amount of time that 10 to 15-year-olds spend chatting on the Internet and playing on games consoles on an average school day in the UK.關于男女生上網聊天和打游戲的情況對比。“疊加柱狀圖”并不常見，注意仔細讀圖，算出疊加的差值。
【原創范例】
Boys aged between 10 and 15 clearly favour playing on games consoles over chatting online. According to the chart, while 85%of boys play computer games every day, only 55%chat online daily.Furthermore, the majority of boys play on their consoles for more than one hour each day, and 10%do this activity for four hours or more.
By contrast, girls prefer chatting online. Close to 70%of 10 to 15-year-old girls engage in online conversation each day, compared to about 50%of this cohort who play computer games.Of the girls who do play on consoles, most of them play for less than an hour, whereas most girls who chat online do so for more than one hour, and nearly 10%chat for four hours or more.
對于這道題，首先描述總量，而后將男生和女生的情況分段描述。總體來說，男生更傾向于打游戲，然后挑選有特征的數字來描述。女生的情況恰好相反（by contrast），注意女生這一段的compared to, whereas的表達，以及下劃線的句型（表示最值）。
曲線圖練習
A.
B.
曲線圖范文
The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012，and projected consumption to 2030.
Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion（35 q）units used in 1980，rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation, from 1995 there was a steady increase.This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.
Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period.From 20q and 16q respectively in 1980，gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990.Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q.Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030，whereas after 2014，gas will remain stable at 25q.
In 1980，energy from nuclear, hydropower and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q. Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2q.After slight increases, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980 figure.It is expected to maintain this level until 2030，while the others should rise slightly after 2025.
Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.
曲線圖小貼士
曲線圖通常是用表示趨勢的動態寫法，因此掌握趨勢描寫可是很重要的。接下來，大家一起整理這些趨勢表達，并練習和熟記。
A.上升/增加：
rise, increase, improve, climb, go up, soar, recover, rocket, grow, shoot up, surge, jump, double
There is an upward trend in……
experience/see/witness a rise in……
翻譯練習：
1.未來的20年中，汽車擁有量有顯著的增長。
____
2.在20年間，摩托車的產量呈現出上升的趨勢，從2500萬噸增加到5000萬噸。
____
B.下降/減少：
decrease, drop, fall, decline, deteriorate, plummet, plunge, go down, halve, reduce
There is a downward trend in……
experience/see/witness a fall in..
翻譯練習：
1.從1981年到2001年，擁有兩輛車的家庭比重稍稍減少至43%。
____
2.在服裝和食物上方面，出現了大幅下降。
____
C.持平：
level off，remain steady, equal
翻譯練習：
1.到1995年，數值再次趨同，到了將近17萬公里。
____
D.其他：
fluctuate, peak, reach a peak
翻譯練習：
1.對于B國家來說，該區域以之前幾乎同樣的速度增長，到了2000年達到高峰。
____
請注意：
柱狀圖練習
所有的柱狀圖都可以分成兩種情況：一種是有時間因素包含在題目中，另一種則無此要素。前者的構思方向與曲線圖相似，所以可以想象成一條或多條曲線來描寫。
而無時間因素的柱狀圖，則無法按時間順序描寫，我們需將其與其他對象進行比較。在比較的過程中，分組的概念尤為重要。比如某個柱狀圖中有六對柱子，每對柱子中有兩根柱形，其中一根是男性的數據，另一根是女性的數據。這時候，我們就需要把它們進行合理的分組。一個極佳的辦法就是根據男、女性的柱形高低來劃分。舉例來說，我們可以按照第一組中的兩對柱子都是男性比女性高；第二組中的兩對柱子恰好相反，是女性比男性高；而最后第三組中剩下的兩對柱子是男、女性數據非常接近的情況來分組描寫。
項目分組的另一個重要原則就是：（1）情況相似的放在一組；（2）反差較大的放在一組。這樣做的好處對于前者來說，是可以用略寫的方法一筆帶過，避免不必要的重復。比如用句型The same situation exists in……，或者用過渡轉換句型Similarly，……，或In a similar way，……，后面的描寫就可以非常簡略了。而對于反差較大的項目來說，我們可以找到項目之間的倍數關系。例如，同在一組的歐洲數據是非洲數據的3倍，這樣我們就可利用一些倍數詞（3 times, threefold, triple）及倍數表達句型來進行有力的比較。
柱狀圖描寫時的難點為如何準確處理繁多的數據，可取的辦法是在描述整體趨勢或比較時列舉一些特殊數據，如最高值、最低值、倍數關系值、微小變化值及零值等，使之更詳細、更有針對性、更切中圖表的要害，而不是把所有的數據從頭到尾羅列一遍。
A.
B.
C.
柱狀圖范文
The bar chart compares the number of visits made by people in six age categories to hospital emergency wards in Northern Ireland in the December of 2016 and 2017.
It is clear that elderly people and the youngest children were the most frequent visitors to A&E（accident and emergency）departments. Also, there was a slight increase in the rate of emergency care attendances among all six age groups from December 2016 to December 2017.
Looking first at the older age groups, roughly 65 out of every 1000 people aged 75 and over attended A&E wards in December 2016，and this rose to almost 70 attendances per 1000-population one year later.Interestingly, those aged 65 to 74 were less than half as likely to require emergency treatment, with around 30 attendances per 1000-population in both months.
At the other end of the age scale, the figures for A&E visits by under-5s rose marginally from around 50 to approximately 52 per 1000-population over the one-year period.Children aged 5 to 15 made the fewest visits, at just over 20 per 1000-population in both months.Finally, there was almost no difference in the figures for emergency care attendances among people aged 16 to 44，45 to 64 and 65 to 74.
柱狀圖小貼士
數據的不同表示：
E. g.27%=slightly more than a quarter
練習：
57%=
68%=
20%=
90%=
仿寫句子：
√ The number of boys who love playing computer games is roughly 3 times as large as that of girls.
√ The output of tobacco in Africa is approximately twice as large as that in Asia.
請根據以上句子，進行仿寫。
用靜態的方式描述圖表，不妨先寫大致情況，后加數據分析：
√ The distance covered by bike and air travel occupied a considerable share, with more than 15 million kilometres for each.
或者用of+群體，most of them的句型：
√ Of the girls who do play on consoles, most of them play for less than an hour, whereas most girls who chat online do so for more than one hour, and nearly 10%chat for four hours or more.（注意使用 whereas, while compared to, in comparison with等表達，表示對前后內容的比較。）
請使用圖表信息，并根據以上句型，仿寫句子。
GDP of Health Spending in Five Countries
