Day Two A類小作文（二）

餅圖

餅圖（pie chart）一般會伴隨其他圖表或者是多個餅圖一起出現(xiàn)，其寫法很類似于柱狀圖，只不過需要注意的是描寫餅圖時往往需要有總體與各組成項目之間總分關(guān)系的陳述。單個的餅圖幾乎和柱狀圖的寫法一樣，如比較極值、尋找類似或相同項、項目過多的需要排序和歸類等；兩個以上的餅圖的處理則應(yīng)參照多柱圖來寫，先確定一個參照點(diǎn)（一般是第一個圖），然后在此基礎(chǔ)上將后面的圖與之進(jìn)行比較。有時候多個餅圖間如有連續(xù)項還要寫出趨勢。此外因為餅圖涉及的數(shù)據(jù)往往比較多，所以也要注意相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的選擇。

下面我們先來看一個單個的餅圖，原題中這個圖是和一個流程圖一起出現(xiàn)的：

從上圖可以看出巧克力的定價包括五部分（總分），而成本占了最大的一部分（極值），而第二大部分（排序）則是體現(xiàn)在超市的利潤上。鑒于該圖是和步驟比較煩瑣的流程圖一起出現(xiàn)，所以第一、二大部分可以合并到一起，即要考慮的最大因素是成本和零售商利潤，并與農(nóng)民所占份額相比較（極值比較）。至于其他兩項（歸類）只是作為價格整體的一個組成部分稍微一提即可，不必寫得太過詳細(xì)。但是餅圖中會反復(fù)出現(xiàn)類似的句式和“占……比例”這樣的表達(dá)，這就需要單詞和句式的靈活運(yùn)用，考生可以分別從項目名稱、所占比例、主動被動句等多個角度來展開句子。請看以下幾個范例：

【原創(chuàng)范例】

The pricing of chocolate concerns 5 factors, among which 37%，the largest share, goes to the cost of ingredients and overheads, several times as much as that of farmers.

The cost of ingredients and overheads and the supermarket are the two largest parts of the price division of chocolate，37%and 34%respectively, and farmers only get the slightest.

The rest of the price covers the tax and the chocolate company, averaging 25%.

上述幾個實例中，有定語從句表示的總分關(guān)系和最大值，有同位語結(jié)構(gòu)，有用平均數(shù)表示的原始數(shù)據(jù)，以及用不同的主語引起的句式等，這些地方都需要考生平時在基本功方面多加訓(xùn)練，才能在考場上運(yùn)用自如。

接著我們來看一個復(fù)雜但更具有代表性的雙餅圖，這也是出題頻率很高的一種題型：

The pie charts show how employees of an export company use different courses to foreign languages for different reasons.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

這兩個餅圖中所列示的項目都不止4項，所含數(shù)據(jù)也比較多，因此我們首先應(yīng)該進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的篩選，留下極值、類似點(diǎn)或其他特殊點(diǎn)，然后套用適當(dāng)?shù)木涫綄⑵浔磉_(dá)出來即可。

【原創(chuàng)范例】

The first chart reflects the course choices of certain employees, which consisted of 5 types of classes. Among them, full-time course took up the most outstanding share，38%.And the second largest section was for the self-taught employees, the number of which was 1/4.By contrast, those who never took any course only accounted for 5%，the least percentage in the chart.The other learners took part-time courses either during the work hour or at night, but with quite similar proportions.

For the second diagram, the illustration of the impetus for their study highlights holiday travelling, covering nearly half of the sampled subjects. Plus another travelling for business（18%），the two items made up about 2/3 of all the reasons for language study.The remaining 1/3 fell onto communication of overseas relative, study as interest, and meeting people, all with a percentage of 10%to 14%.

Thus, it can be concluded that the growing number of international visits might help boost foreign language learning.

原創(chuàng)范例中有兩段類似的極值比較、總分、排序等內(nèi)容，但表達(dá)方式卻不相同：既有直截了當(dāng)?shù)貙懗瞿硞€項目占最大比例，也有含蓄表明一個圖表中凸顯某個項目；既有以一個行為的發(fā)出者為句子的開始，也有以所占比例或者項目名稱引出的；表示所占比例的既有謂語動詞（took up, made up），也有非謂語動詞（covering），還有用介詞（with）以減少動詞的出現(xiàn)頻率；既有對極值的突出，也有對中間其他項目的略過，使得數(shù)據(jù)的選取詳盡而又有代表性。此外除了極值、比較、歸類等前面提到的單個餅圖的邏輯分析方法，因為是兩個餅圖，所以最后一段還簡單概括了一下這兩個圖之間的聯(lián)系。詞匯和句式形式多變、數(shù)據(jù)有所選擇且分析出所選原因，應(yīng)該說這段范文的表達(dá)還是比較充分的。

餅圖范文

The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and the rest of the world.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The pie charts give information about the water used for residential, industrial and agricultural purposes in San Diego County, California, and the world as a whole.

It is noticeable that more water is consumed by homes than by industry or agriculture in the two American regions.By contrast, agriculture accounts for the vast majority of water used worldwide.

In San Diego County and California State, residential water consumption accounts for 60%and 39%of total water usage. By contrast, a mere 8%of the water used globally goes to homes.The opposite trend can be seen when we look at water consumption for agriculture.This accounts for a massive 69%of global water use, but only 17%and 28%of water usage in San Diego and California respectively.

Such dramatic differences are not seen when we compare the figures for industrial water use. The same proportion of water（23%）is used by industry in San Diego and worldwide, while the figure for California is 10%higher, at 33%.

餅圖小貼士

餅圖中的每塊數(shù)據(jù)都是用百分比（percentage or proportion）來表示的。拿到餅圖后我們依然是先審題，找到描寫對象以及時間，這樣會有利于引言段的改寫以及時態(tài)構(gòu)思方向的確定。另外，每塊餅中的數(shù)據(jù)相加一定等于100%，所以這一點(diǎn)不用提。

餅圖正確的分段方式是按照每個餅中的內(nèi)容或項目來劃分，項目的英文叫item或category。換言之，如果一共有四塊餅（比如四個不同的國家），每塊餅中都有三個內(nèi)容（比如工業(yè)用水、農(nóng)業(yè)用水及家庭用水），那么就應(yīng)該分成三個小段來寫，而不是四個，這樣我們就可以根據(jù)每種不同的用水類型在四個國家之間進(jìn)行有意義的對比。（在后面的組合圖部分我們會詳細(xì)說明）

一開始提到的percentage和proportion是餅形圖的數(shù)據(jù)形式，在具體描寫時，我們可采用一些表示“占……比例”的用詞，請參考如下的例句：

Laborers account for 88%of the workforce in the construction industry.

Farmers make up a significant proportion（about 56%）of the community.

Italian racing cars hold a considerable share（approximately two fifths）of the domestic market.

除此以外，還可以使用take up, constitute, occupy等近義詞表示占比結(jié)構(gòu)。