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六 健康和貧困(經(jīng)濟(jì)增長)的相互作用機(jī)制

貧困通過六種途徑影響健康:營養(yǎng)不良導(dǎo)致免疫力低下而更易感;支付不起藥品費(fèi)用,從而降低了藥商將研發(fā)資源投入窮人疾病的激勵;可能沒有清潔水資源和公共衛(wèi)生設(shè)施而易患某些疾病;遠(yuǎn)離醫(yī)療資源所以可能不去治療;缺乏常識教育,不了解衛(wèi)生常識;貧困文盲女青年更容易從事性服務(wù)工作,容易感染性傳播疾病。相反,高收入者可以獲得更多的營養(yǎng)食物、潔凈水資源等公共衛(wèi)生設(shè)施,醫(yī)療服務(wù)以及更好的知識教育,從而能獲得較好的健康。

健康和教育作為人力資本的重要部分,是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的一種基本的穩(wěn)健的決定因素。Schultz, W. T. , Investment in Human Beings, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.1993. Becker, G. S. , Human Capital, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.1993.生產(chǎn)函數(shù)理論可以幫助研究者理解健康影響經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的作用機(jī)制,函數(shù)形式如下:

Y = AFK, hL

上式中,Y是產(chǎn)出,A代表生產(chǎn)技術(shù),F()是生產(chǎn)函數(shù)關(guān)系,K是物質(zhì)資本,L是勞動力,h是人力資本。健康通過生產(chǎn)函數(shù)中的每一因素而影響經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,見表1。

表1 健康影響經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的作用機(jī)制

[1]Kremer, M. , and E. Miguel, “Worms: Education and Health Externalities in Kenya, ”Working paper no.8481, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.2001.

[2]Miguel. E. , and M. Kremer, “Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities, ”Econometrica 72(2004): 159-217.

[3]Engel, R. C. , “Life, Death and Human Capital: Essays on How African Firms and Workers Are Responding to the HIV/AIDS Crisis, ”Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York.

[4]Becker, G. S. and Lewis, ”O(jiān)n the Interaction between Quantity and Quality of Children, ”Journal of Political Economy 81(1973): 279-288

[5]Evans, D. , and E. Miguel, “Will the Sun Come Out Tomorrow? Orphans and Schooling, ”Unpublished working paper, University of California, Berkeley.2003.

[6]Barro, R. J. , and X. Sala-i-Martin, Economic Growth. Second edition, Cambridge Mass. : The MIT Press.2003.

[7]Acemoglu, D. , S. Johnson, and J. Robinson, “The Colonia Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation, ”American Economic Review 91(2001): 1369-1401.

Acemoglu, D. , S. Johnson, and J. Robinson, “Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Marking of the Modern World Distribution of Income”, Quarter Journal of Economics 117(2002):1231-1294.

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