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第十節 教育與家庭

前文已經提及,學前生活對一個孩子在學校中的成長具有決定性的影響。在未來,肯定會有一場運動來減少家庭對青少年成長的不利影響。實施普及的、免費義務教育就屬于這種性質的一種嘗試。此舉意味著,社區代替家庭扮演著孩子監護人的角色。這樣一來,孩子們至少在有些時間里是不受他們家庭環境的限制,并在某種程度上可以阻止他們遭受自己家庭的剝削“Thus in 1869 a serious move to prevent children of under eleven years of age being employed in factories was defeated on the argument that it was better to have them working in conditions that could be rigorously controlled than no have them mercilessly exploited at home. ”Mallison, op. cit., p.174-175. The reference is to Belgium.。人們似乎達成一種共識,即早期生活對個體的成長具有根深蒂固的影響,所以,兒童入學的年齡將變得越來越小。以前只對特權階層開放的寄宿學校,現已在醞釀對所有的學生開放,特別是那些遭受“文化剝奪”(culturally deprived)的學生。在蘇聯,除設法減緩“文化剝奪”之外,他們還有意興辦寄宿制教育機構。這種寄宿制教育機構均有設立托兒所和幼兒園,并被認為是其未來教育體系中富有特色的部分。雖然官方謹慎地宣稱,家長擁有掌控自家孩子教育的絕對權利,家庭是蘇維埃社會的中心。但事實上,除節假日和寒暑假之外,孩子都生活在寄宿學校Jeremy R. Azrael, “Soviet Union, ”in Coleman op. cit., p.258, n.92, says, “See Novy Mir, July 1960, for an article in which the dean of Soviet economists, S. G. Strumilin, depicts the Communist future as follows: ‘Any Soviet citizen who enters the world will automatically be placed in a nursery, moving on to a children's home and then, at the appropriate age, to a boarding school…. We are completely opposed to the tradition which regards children as the“property”of parents. ”This future seems to me so far off as to be not worth thinking about. The cost of boarding schools for everybody is so great as to Mr. Deineko, Public Education in the USSR.(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), p.229.That“the numbers of pupils in boarding schools has reached 2.4 million in 1964. ”The primary reason for the establishment of boarding schools has been to enable both parents to work. If there is a change in the demand for labor, there may be a change in plan for boarding schools.

我們所具備的知識水平不允許我們說,把孩子與其家庭——哪怕是“問題”家庭——分開是對他們最為有利的。舉例來說,母愛對個體發展有積極作用,不良家庭對個體發展有消極影響,如果在兩者之間權衡和取舍,沒有人能夠說得清楚。為了讓孩子免遭其家庭的不利影響而將他們從其父母身邊帶走,這或許也是一種不幸“In most Kibbutzim, children live in ‘Children's Homes, ' from birth onwards…. This early ‘socialization' of the child was introduced originally, partly on ideological grounds-to curtail the ‘home' as a nucleus of selfish and ‘bourgeois' interests; to ‘free' the woman, and enable her to take an equal part with men in the work of the farm; to accustom the child to collective life, to co-operation with other children, etc. ;partly also for purely technical reasons-to ensure decent housing for the children at least…. It was subsequently defended on psychological and educational grounds, too…. But there has been a swing-back in recent years. The ideological considerations have lost their force; the woman cannot equal the man in farm-wok, and is usually relegated to service and domestic care of children, edc. ; let her at least be queen in her own home. As to the children, they need a corner of their own, and a mother's love. At all events, the home plays a much greater part in all Kibbutzim now than it did formerly. ”Joseph S. Bentwich, Education in Israel(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965), pp.113-114. Cf. the author's conclusion, p.194, “There is, it seems to me, no hope of giving and adequate education within the framework of the ordinary day-school, usually only a morning-school. ”??巳R爾和W. M. S.羅素(Claire and W. M. S. Russell)在他們所著的《人類行為》一書中,從西方的觀點出發,并基于科學的證據得出如下結論Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1961, p.194.


即使存在不少缺陷,以家庭為單位的行為的代際傳遞是人類業已形成的最為先進的行為遺傳方式。這種方式具有包容的特點,有助于維護人類行為的差異性和多樣性。先進文化的特征是,父母享有把子女撫養成人的自由,社會能夠提供良好的教育設施,并且能夠在父母對孩子們的影響特別嚴重和惡劣的情況下,采取必要的干預。這或許就是大家常常掛在嘴邊的“民主”一詞的最優標準。


關于家庭這一角色的可能變化及其構成,有必要在別的地方予以專門討論。在這里,我只想強調的是,把孩子從不良家庭中帶離的最好替代方式是,讓這些家庭變得好起來。從教育的角度看,減少長輩們的工作時間,或通過新的設備將教育傳輸到家中,就可以達此目的。有了自由時間,并有了把任何人想學的任何知識放到電視屏幕上的裝置,家庭就能夠成為一個學習型組織。甚至還有這樣一種可能,盡管或許有不如人意的地方,我們可以把孩子們應該接受的全部教育,以及與父母密切相關的繼續教育,均安排在家中進行。

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