官术网_书友最值得收藏!

第1章

OF the parts of animals some are simple: to wit, all such as divide into parts uniform with themselves, as flesh into flesh; others are composite, such as divide into parts not uniform with themselves, as, for instance, the hand does not divide into hands nor the face into faces.

And of such as these, some are called not parts merely, but limbs or members. Such are those parts that, while entire in themselves, have within themselves other diverse parts: as for instance, the head, foot, hand, the arm as a whole, the chest; for these are all in themselves entire parts, and there are other diverse parts belonging to them.

All those parts that do not subdivide into parts uniform with themselves are composed of parts that do so subdivide, for instance, hand is composed of flesh, sinews, and bones. Of animals, some resemble one another in all their parts, while others have parts wherein they differ. Sometimes the parts are identical in form or species, as, for instance, one man's nose or eye resembles another man's nose or eye, flesh flesh, and bone bone; and in like manner with a horse, and with all other animals which we reckon to be of one and the same species: for as the whole is to the whole, so each to each are the parts severally. In other cases the parts are identical, save only for a difference in the way of excess or defect, as is the case in such animals as are of one and the same genus. By 'genus' Imean, for instance, Bird or Fish, for each of these is subject to difference in respect of its genus, and there are many species of fishes and of birds.

Within the limits of genera, most of the parts as a rule exhibit differences through contrast of the property or accident, such as colour and shape, to which they are subject: in that some are more and some in a less degree the subject of the same property or accident; and also in the way of multitude or fewness, magnitude or parvitude, in short in the way of excess or defect. Thus in some the texture of the flesh is soft, in others firm; some have a long bill, others a short one; some have abundance of feathers, others have only a small quantity. It happens further that some have parts that others have not: for instance, some have spurs and others not, some have crests and others not; but as a general rule, most parts and those that go to make up the bulk of the body are either identical with one another, or differ from one another in the way of contrast and of excess and defect. For 'the more' and 'the less' may be represented as 'excess' or 'defect'.

Once again, we may have to do with animals whose parts are neither identical in form nor yet identical save for differences in the way of excess or defect: but they are the same only in the way of analogy, as, for instance, bone is only analogous to fish-bone, nail to hoof, hand to claw, and scale to feather; for what the feather is in a bird, the scale is in a fish.

The parts, then, which animals severally possess are diverse from, or identical with, one another in the fashion above described.

And they are so furthermore in the way of local disposition: for many animals have identical organs that differ in position; for instance, some have teats in the breast, others close to the thighs.

Of the substances that are composed of parts uniform (or homogeneous) with themselves, some are soft and moist, others are dry and solid. The soft and moist are such either absolutely or so long as they are in their natural conditions, as, for instance, blood, serum, lard, suet, marrow, sperm, gall, milk in such as have it flesh and the like; and also, in a different way, the superfluities, as phlegm and the excretions of the belly and the bladder. The dry and solid are such as sinew, skin, vein, hair, bone, gristle, nail, horn (a term which as applied to the part involves an ambiguity, since the whole also by virtue of its form is designated horn), and such parts as present an analogy to these.

Animals differ from one another in their modes of subsistence, in their actions, in their habits, and in their parts. Concerning these differences we shall first speak in broad and general terms, and subsequently we shall treat of the same with close reference to each particular genus.

Differences are manifested in modes of subsistence, in habits, in actions performed. For instance, some animals live in water and others on land. And of those that live in water some do so in one way, and some in another: that is to say, some live and feed in the water, take in and emit water, and cannot live if deprived of water, as is the case with the great majority of fishes; others get their food and spend their days in the water, but do not take in water but air, nor do they bring forth in the water. Many of these creatures are furnished with feet, as the otter, the beaver, and the crocodile; some are furnished with wings, as the diver and the grebe; some are destitute of feet, as the water-snake. Some creatures get their living in the water and cannot exist outside it: but for all that do not take in either air or water, as, for instance, the sea-nettle and the oyster. And of creatures that live in the water some live in the sea, some in rivers, some in lakes, and some in marshes, as the frog and the newt.

Of animals that live on dry land some take in air and emit it, which phenomena are termed 'inhalation' and 'exhalation'; as, for instance, man and all such land animals as are furnished with lungs.

Others, again, do not inhale air, yet live and find their sustenance on dry land; as, for instance, the wasp, the bee, and all other insects. And by 'insects' I mean such creatures as have nicks or notches on their bodies, either on their bellies or on both backs and bellies.

And of land animals many, as has been said, derive their subsistence from the water; but of creatures that live in and inhale water not a single one derives its subsistence from dry land.

Some animals at first live in water, and by and by change their shape and live out of water, as is the case with river worms, for out of these the gadfly develops.

為你推薦
棺香美人
會員

我出生的時候,江水上漲,沖了一口棺材進了我家。十五年后,棺材打開,里面有個她……風水,命理……寫不盡的民間傳說,訴不完的光怪陸離。

鉚釘 6.5萬讀過
龍族Ⅰ:火之晨曦(修訂版)
會員

《龍族第2季》7月18日起每周五10點,騰訊視頻熱播中!人類歷史中,總是隱藏著驚人的秘密。在多數人所不知道的地方,人類與龍族的戰爭已經進行了幾千年。路明非的十八歲,在他最衰的那一刻,一扇通往未知國度的門轟然洞開。直升機如巨鳥般掠過南方小城的天空,在少年路明非的頭頂懸停。隱藏在歷史中的那場戰爭,就要重開大幕。歡迎來到……龍的國度!

江南 7.1萬讀過
三體全集(全三冊)
會員

【榮獲世界科幻大獎“雨果獎”長篇小說獎,約翰·坎貝爾紀念獎,銀河獎特別獎】套裝共三冊,包含:《三體I》《三體II:黑暗森林》《三體III:死神永生》對科幻愛好者而言,“三體”系列是繞不開的經典之作。這三部曲的閱讀體驗和文字背后的深刻思想配得上它所受的任何贊譽。

劉慈欣 213萬讀過
天亮了,你就回來了
會員

《夏有喬木雅望天堂》作者籽月闊別3年全新力作,電子書全文首發。穿越時空元氣少女VS風度翩翩優質大叔。如果愛人突然消失,你會等幾年?江倩兮撞上時空折疊,短短10個小時,外界已過了23年,好不容易追到手的新婚丈夫,轉眼變成陌生大叔?!完美言情男主再添一員猛將:顧池!少年時,他是腹黑學霸,牢牢抓住姐姐的心。新婚時,他是甜美奶狗,撒嬌男人最好命。愛人無故失蹤,他在漫長等待里事業有成,溫潤不油膩的優質大叔誰能拒絕?

籽月 11萬讀過
明朝那些事兒(全集)
會員

《明朝那些事兒》主要講述的是從1344年到1644年這三百年間關于明朝的一些故事。以史料為基礎,以年代和具體人物為主線,并加入了小說的筆法,語言幽默風趣。對明朝十七帝和其他王公權貴和小人物的命運進行全景展示,尤其對官場政治、戰爭、帝王心術著墨最多,并加入對當時政治經濟制度、人倫道德的演義。它以一種網絡語言向讀者娓娓道出明朝三百多年的歷史故事、人物。其中原本在歷史中陌生、模糊的歷史人物在書中一個個變得鮮活起來。《明朝那些事兒》為我們解讀歷史中的另一面,讓歷史變成一部活生生的生活故事。

當年明月 275萬讀過
主站蜘蛛池模板: 乐山市| 昌黎县| 方正县| 鹿邑县| 图们市| 通江县| 察隅县| 宾川县| 鄂温| 社会| 吴桥县| 龙泉市| 黄梅县| 北海市| 图们市| 博野县| 北京市| 祁连县| 南开区| 楚雄市| 台前县| 双牌县| 莒南县| 佛山市| 浙江省| 精河县| 晴隆县| 藁城市| 武安市| 株洲县| 景谷| 涟源市| 鸡东县| 甘孜县| 宾阳县| 扬州市| 德清县| 涿州市| 浮山县| 新闻| 迁西县|