List of abbreviations

BA: dispositive marker,“把”

CL: classifier

Ctree: conditional inference tree

DE: possessive marker, “的”

DEIXIS: deixis like “這” (this), “那” (that)

DPS: diachronic prototype semantics

EMand: Early Mandarin

EMC: Early Middle Chinese

ES: endstate

FC: functional change

JIANG: causative marker, “將”

LE: perspective aspect marker, “了”

LCS: lexical conceptual structure

LMC: Late Middle Chinese

LOC: location

MC: material composition

MCA: multiple correspondence analysis

MdMand: Modern Mandarin

MDS: multidimensional scaling

SC: spatial configuration

ZHE: aspectual marker, “著”

ZHI: possessive marker, “之”