Digital Addictions Are Drowning Us in Dopamine
電子設(shè)備成癮使我們沉溺于多巴胺中
By Anna Lembke
Over the course of my career as a psychiatrist, I have seen more and more patients who suffer from depression and anxiety. Their problem isn't trauma, social dislocation or poverty. It's too much dopamine, a chemical produced in the brain associated with feelings of pleasure and reward.
作為一名精神病醫(yī)生,在我的職業(yè)生涯中,我看到越來越多的病人身受抑郁癥和焦慮癥的困擾。他們的問題不是因?yàn)榫駝?chuàng)傷、社會(huì)脫位或貧困,而是因?yàn)槎喟桶愤^量,這是一種產(chǎn)生于大腦之中,和人體愉悅感、回報(bào)感有關(guān)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。
When we do something we enjoy, the brain releases a little bit of dopamine and we feel good. But one of the most important discoveries in the field of neuroscience in the past 75 years is that pleasure and pain are processed in the same parts of the brain and that the brain tries hard to keep them in balance. Whenever it tips in one direction it will try hard to restore the balance by tipping in the other.
當(dāng)我們做自己享受的事情時(shí),大腦會(huì)釋放少量的多巴胺,于是我們感到快樂。但過去75年神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一,就是大腦中處理愉悅和痛苦的區(qū)域是相同的,而且大腦努力使二者保持平衡。當(dāng)我們的情緒向一邊傾斜時(shí),大腦會(huì)通過傾向另一種情緒,竭力恢復(fù)二者的平衡。
Our brains evolved this fine-tuned balance over millions of years in which pleasures were scarce and dangers ever-present. The problem today is that we no longer live in that world. Instead, we now live in a world of overwhelming abundance. The quantity, variety and potency of highly reinforcing drugs and behaviors has never been greater.
我們的大腦在數(shù)百萬年的時(shí)光里進(jìn)化出了這種微妙的平衡。那時(shí),快樂是稀缺的,而危險(xiǎn)無處不在。如今的問題在于,我們不再生活在那個(gè)世界了。相反,我們生活在一個(gè)物質(zhì)過剩的世界,從未有過如此數(shù)量龐大、種類繁多、效力強(qiáng)勁、能令人輕易上癮的事物,包括一些藥物以及上癮性的行為。
Yet despite increased access to all of these feel-good drugs, we're more miserable than ever before. Rates of depression, anxiety and suicide are increasing all over the world, especially in rich nations.
然而,盡管現(xiàn)在更容易獲取那些讓我們感覺良好的事物,我們卻比以往任何時(shí)候都更悲慘。抑郁癥,焦慮癥和自殺發(fā)生的概率在世界范圍內(nèi)都有所提升,尤其在一些富有的國家。
Just about all of us have a digital drug of choice, and it probably involves using a smartphone. Reducing phone use is notoriously difficult. But if we can keep it up long enough, the benefits of a healthier dopamine balance are worth it. Our minds are less preoccupied with craving, we are more able to be present in the moment, and life's little unexpected joys are rewarding again.
我們幾乎所有人都對(duì)某種電子產(chǎn)品感到癡迷,其中很有可能包括智能手機(jī)。眾所周知,少用手機(jī)非常困難。但如果我們能夠堅(jiān)持足夠長的時(shí)間,一個(gè)更為健康、平衡的多巴胺水平所帶來的益處是值得的。我們的頭腦將不再被渴望占據(jù),我們更能活在當(dāng)下,生活中那些意想不到的小確幸也會(huì)再次讓我們的內(nèi)心豐盈起來。
生詞好句
1.digital
英[?d?d??tl]美[?d?d??tl]
adj.數(shù)據(jù)的;電子的
2.addiction
英[??d?k?n]美[??d?k?n]
n.上癮
拓展:
表達(dá)“......癮“的方法:前面加名詞或形容詞作定語,或者后面加上介詞to
drug addiction相當(dāng)于addiction to drugs毒癮
addiction本身作為抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的,但當(dāng)它指代的是某一種癮的種類時(shí)是可數(shù)的。(類似于形容各種各樣的魚類時(shí),用different kinds of fishes而不是fish)
3.drown
英[dra?n]美[dra?n]
v.淹死,溺死;(引申義)沉溺
拓展:
be drowned in something(某人)沉迷于某事
注意:它是中性詞,既可以表示陷在某件事情里,上了癮不能自拔。例如:
be drowned in computer games沉溺于電腦游戲(相當(dāng)于be addicted to computer games)
addicted adj.入了迷的,上了癮的
也可以表示沉浸在某件事情里,表示努力和專心。例如:
be drowned in work埋頭工作
4.dopamine
英[?d??p?mi?n]美[?do?p?mi?n]
n.多巴胺(大腦釋放的一種讓人快樂的化學(xué)物質(zhì))
5.depression
英[d??pre?n]美[d??pre?n]
n.抑郁癥
6.anxiety
英[???za??ti]美[???za??ti]
n.焦慮癥
7.trauma
英[?tr??m?,?tra?m?]美[?trɑ?m?]
n.精神創(chuàng)傷
拓展:
childhood trauma童年創(chuàng)傷
traumatic event創(chuàng)傷事件(造成精神創(chuàng)傷的事件)
traumatic experience創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)歷
8.social dislocation
社會(huì)脫位
拓展:
dislocation
UK /d?sl??ke??n/ US /d?slo??ke??n/
n.錯(cuò)位
location(n.位置)加上一個(gè)表示否定意思的前綴dis-
9.keep something in balance
讓某事保持平衡
10.tip
英[t?p]美[t?p]
v.傾斜
11.restore
英[r??st??]美[r??st??r]
v.恢復(fù)
拓展:
restore order恢復(fù)秩序
restore confidence恢復(fù)信心
restore the glory of the old days恢復(fù)舊日榮光
12.evolve
英[??v?lv]美[??vɑ?lv]
v.進(jìn)化;進(jìn)化出(相當(dāng)于produce或者develop)
13.fine-tuned
英[fa?n?t?u?nd]美[fa?n?tu?nd]
adj.精細(xì)調(diào)整的
拓展:
tune n.曲子,曲調(diào) v.給樂器調(diào)音,給電臺(tái)調(diào)頻(調(diào)整一個(gè)東西讓它能夠精確地發(fā)揮作用)
fine adv.精細(xì)地;很好地
fine art美術(shù)(繪畫和雕塑的統(tǒng)稱)
a fine skill精細(xì)的技能
fine sand細(xì)沙
fine edge鋒利的刀刃
14.ever-present
英[ev??prez?nt]美[ev?r?prez?nt]
adj.一直存在的
拓展:
present adj.存在的
ever adv.一直地(always)
15.overwhelming abundance
極大豐富
拓展:
overwhelming
UK /??v??welm??/ US /o?v?r?welm??/
adj.壓倒性的,應(yīng)接不暇的
overwhelm vt.(東西多到)讓人喘不過氣
abundance
UK /??b?ndns/ US /??b?ndns/
n.大量,充裕
overwhelming material abundance物質(zhì)極大豐富
16.reinforcing
英[ri??n?f??s??]美[ri??n?f??rs??]
adj.強(qiáng)烈的;(本文)不斷通過外在輔助手段讓人感到快樂的
拓展:
reinforce
UK /ri??n?f??s/ US /ri??n?f??rs/
v.加強(qiáng),使......更強(qiáng)烈
17.drug
英[dr?ɡ]美[dr?ɡ]
n.(泛指)藥物
18.notoriously
英[n???t??ri?sli]美[no??t??ri?sli]
adv.眾所周知地;臭名昭著地
19.rewarding
英[r??w??d??]美[r??w??rd??]
adj.讓人滿足的;能給人帶來回報(bào)的(satisfying)