第1章　第一尊雕像

上幼兒園的時候，我曾經(jīng)用陶土做過一個鳥窩，其中擺著幾枚圓乎乎的鳥蛋，還有一只小鳥趴在上面呢。沒準(zhǔn)，你們以前也做過類似的什么東西。其實，那就是雕塑；可在當(dāng)時，我卻不知道。

長大了一點兒之后，我在冬天經(jīng)常會堆上一個雪人，給雪人的脖子掛上圍巾，用兩塊煤炭做眼睛，再用一根胡蘿卜做鼻子。其實，那也是一種雕塑；可在當(dāng)時，我卻不知道。

再大一點之后，我又經(jīng)常用半熟的面包上那軟軟的一部分做成一只小狗；做出的小狗，既有腦袋、尾巴，也有腳。其實，那也是一種雕塑；可在當(dāng)時，我并不知道這一點。我的母親也不知道，所以她會因為我拿著吃的東西玩而罰我回自己的房間去。

因此，在十二歲之前，我都是一名雕塑家；可從那以后，我卻再也沒有當(dāng)過雕塑家了。

不過，還有一些男孩子和女孩子，他們直到長大成小伙子、小姑娘之后，都沒有停止過當(dāng)?shù)袼芗夷亍Ｔ?jīng)有一個男孩，他在廚房里用黃油雕出了一頭獅子，然后將它送到了餐桌上。長大以后，他就變成了一名偉大的雕塑家。這個小男孩，名叫卡諾瓦。我在后面會再跟你們介紹他的情況的。

從地球還很年輕的時候起，人們就已經(jīng)開始制作雕塑了。不過，人們起初制

that people made was not very different from drawing.The artist first drew his picture on something flat.Then he carved the lines deeper so that, if it were outside, the rain would not wash the drawing away and the weather would not wear it down.This kind of drawing or sculpture is called sunken relief.

These sunken-relief drawings have been found in different places around the world, like Peru where pilots flew over them and were quite surprised when they looked down at the ground and saw a whole collection.

Then after that, sculptors rounded the edges of the figures they had carved and cut away some of the background so that the figures stood out a little. This is called low relief, or bas-relief.

You may have a bas-relief in your pocket right now and not even know it. A penny, nickel, dime, or another coin, medal, or medallion that has figures on it is a bas-relief.

Then sculptors began to round the figure still more and cut away still more of the background so that the figure stood out more. This is called high relief, for the figures are halfway out of the background.

Later sculptors cut away the background entirely so that the figure stood out all by itself. This is called in-the-round because you can go around it.You will see such pieces of sculpture of men or animals in parks, public squares, and museums.

作的雕塑，與繪畫并沒有太大的不同。藝術(shù)家先是把畫在某種非常平坦的東西上繪制下來。然后，他會再將畫中的線條刻得深一點兒；這樣，哪怕位于室外，雨水也不會把這幅畫洗去，而日曬風(fēng)吹也不會將其湮滅了。這種繪畫或者雕塑，稱為“凹浮雕”。

這種陷浮雕式的繪畫，在世界各地都有發(fā)現(xiàn)，比如秘魯；當(dāng)飛行員們駕駛飛機(jī)飛過這些繪畫的上空，往下俯瞰，看到地面上有很多的圖畫時，都曾驚訝不已呢。

接下來，雕塑家會將自己雕刻出來的圖案的邊緣打磨圓整，并且切掉一部分背景，從而使得圖案稍稍向外凸出來。這種雕塑，就叫“淺浮雕”，或者叫“基線浮雕”。

注意，你們的口袋里可能就有一件基線浮雕，可你們卻渾然不知呢。一分錢的、五分錢的、一角錢的硬幣或者其他面值的硬幣，以及上面刻有圖案的紀(jì)念章或者大獎牌，都是一種基線浮雕。

接下來，雕塑家開始繼續(xù)打磨圖案，再把更多的背景部分切掉，從而使得圖案更加向外凸出。這種雕塑，因為圖案的一半都已經(jīng)凸出于背景之外了，所以就叫“高浮雕”。

再后來，雕塑家們又將背景部分徹底切除，從而使得圖案完全獨(dú)立地凸出來了。這種雕塑，也叫“圓雕”，因為你們可以繞著雕塑的四周去欣賞。你們在公園里、廣場上和博物館里，都會看到這種人物或者動物的圓雕。

Long before the time of Christ, ancient Egyptian artists carved pictures in sunken relief on the walls of their great buildings, such as the Great Temple Gates of the Temple of Philae.

In these sunken reliefs, some figures are sitting and some are standing. All of them may look peculiar to you.Do you know why?They have two things quite unusual about them-two things quite impossible and several things very peculiar.

Here is the first thing：The feet are stepping directly sideways and the faces are all turned sideways too, but the shoulders appear as they are viewed from the front. Now of course, no one really walks that way, with head and feet sideways and shoulders in front view.So the first unusual thing is that the figure is twisted.

The second thing is the eye. What you see is the side of a face-not the front.Yet the eye appears as you would see it from the front, not from the side.All the Egyptian reliefs had the same peculiarly shaped eye and the same twisted bodies.Shoulders and eye are front view while everything else-hips, legs, and feet-are side view.

Can you guess why the Egyptians put the front and side view of a person together?Some say it was a way to show all the important parts of the body doing what they do best-legs walking, eyes looking, and shoulders and chest facing forward.

But there are other strange things to notice about these figures. The man and woman have very little clothing on and, although they are king and queen, they are barefooted.That's because Egypt is a very warm country.In some warm countries even today neither rich nor poor wear shoes and socks.I once went to a dinner party in one of these warm

早在基督降生很久以前，古埃及的藝術(shù)家們就在他們那些偉大建筑的墻壁上，用凹浮雕的方式雕刻出了許多圖案；比如，菲萊神廟中的神殿大門就是如此。

在這些凹浮雕中，有些人物是坐著的，有些人物則是站立著的。看上去，你們會覺得這些人物圖案都古怪得很。知道這是為什么嗎？因為在這些圖案上，有兩個方面都極其異常，也就是說，有兩種極其不可能出現(xiàn)的情況；此外，還有幾個地方也很古怪。

第一個方面就是，雖說圖中人物的雙腳都是徑直朝著側(cè)面，臉部也全都是朝向側(cè)面，可人物的肩膀卻似乎是我們從正面看去的樣子。注意，如今是沒有人會真的用那種方式走路的，不會是腦袋和雙腳側(cè)著，而肩膀卻對著正前方地走路。因此，這些浮雕上第一個異常的方面，就是人物圖案被扭曲了。

第二個方面就是眼睛。你們在圖案上看到的，是一張側(cè)臉，而不是正臉。可圖案上的眼睛卻讓你們覺得，它們似乎是從正面而不是從側(cè)面看上去的樣子。所有的古埃及浮雕上，人物都有著這種形狀古怪的眼睛和同樣扭曲的身體呢。這些浮雕人物的肩膀和眼睛都是朝著前面，而其他的一切，包括臀部、雙腿和雙腳，卻都是朝著側(cè)面。

你們能夠猜出，古埃及人為什么要把一個人物的正面像和側(cè)面像糅合到一起嗎？有些人認(rèn)為，這是為了表現(xiàn)出身體各個最重要的部分最擅長的功能，即腿是用來走路的，眼睛是用來看的，而肩膀和胸膛則是朝著正前方的。

不過，這些人物圖案上，還有其他一些古怪之處，值得我們?nèi)プ⒁狻８〉裰械娜宋锊徽撃信砩隙疾辉趺创┮路⑶冶M管他們都是國王、王后，卻都是光著腳的。那是因為，埃及是一個非常炎熱的國家。在一些氣候炎熱的國家里，即便是

countries and all of the ladies and gentlemen were barefooted.It seemed very peculiar to see the ladies and gentlemen, all gorgeously dressed and wearing many rich jewels, go to the table barefooted！

But to make up for having little ornamentation on their bodies, these Egyptian figures have a lot on their heads-not hats but crowns. These crowns mean something.The woman's crown-she is a queen-looks like a bird cap.The bird is the vulture that feeds only on dead bodies.Above the vulture cap is a moon between two horns.The man's double crown-he is a king-is called a pschent.These figures are all sunken relief.

The next kind of relief is called low relief, or bas-relief. The sculpture on the following page of the goddess Isis-the famous goddess of ancient Egypt-is a good example of this type.It shows the goddess Isis sitting.She is wearing a headdress and you can see the shape of the eye and the details of the headdress very clearly.In her left hand she carries a rod, or scepter, to show she is a queen.In her right hand is a strange object called an ankh, an Egyptian symbol of enduring life.The peculiar designs at the top of this illustration are a type of picture writing called hieroglyphics.

The third type of relief is high relief, of which the Temple at Abu Simbel is a good example. It has four huge figures on the front.They are almost cut away from the background but not quite.These figures are colossal-that means gigantic, huge, or mammoth.A real person standing beside one wouldn't reach halfway to the knee.

The Egyptians liked to make giant figures. Notice also that these giant figures are seated in a very stiff position, sitting upright with both feet flat on the ground and both hands

到了今天，富人和窮人也都是不穿鞋子和襪子的呢。我曾經(jīng)在一個炎熱的國家里參加過一場晚宴，席上所有的貴婦、紳士，全都光著腳。看到這些貴婦紳士個個都穿著華麗、戴著許多貴重的珠寶首飾，卻光著腳去參加宴會，感覺似乎古怪得很哩！

不過，為了彌補(bǔ)身上幾乎沒有什么裝飾的缺陷，這些古埃及的人物圖案里，人物頭上卻都裝飾著很多的東西：不是帽子，而是王冠。那些王冠，都具有某種含義。女性的王冠看上去像是一頂鳥形的帽子，表明她是王后。這種鳥，就是專吃腐尸的禿鷲。而這頂禿鷲帽子的上方，還有一輪處于兩個獸角之間的月亮。男性的雙層王冠，叫作雙重王冠，表明他是一位國王。這些人物形象，全都屬于凹浮雕。

第二種浮雕，叫作淺浮雕，或者叫基線浮雕。下面這尊伊西斯女神的雕像，就是這種浮雕的典型例子。伊西斯是古埃及的一位著名的女神。她戴著頭巾，你們可以很清楚地看到她眼睛的樣子和頭巾的細(xì)部。她的左手持著一根權(quán)杖，或者說“節(jié)杖”，表明她是一位王后。她的右手握著一種奇怪之物，被稱為“十字生命章”，是古埃及象征著不朽生命的標(biāo)記。而這幅圖案上方那些古怪的圖形，則是一種叫作“象形文字”的圖畫文字。

第三種浮雕便是高浮雕，而阿布辛貝神廟則是這種浮雕一個恰當(dāng)?shù)姆独Ｉ駨R的前部有四尊巨型的人物雕像。它們差不多與背景完全分離開來了，當(dāng)然并未徹底與背景分離。這幾尊人物雕像都是龐然大物，即極其巨大、碩大、龐大。一個人站在這種雕像邊上，連雕像小腿的一半都摸不到呢。

古埃及人很喜歡制作巨型雕像。注意，這些巨型人物雕像的姿態(tài)都非常呆板，

flat on the knees.They are all figures of the same king, Rameses II.He is also called Rameses the Great, for he was the greatest of all the Egyptian kings though one of the most cruel.

Rameses II was the pharaoh who lived at the time of Exodus, the book from the Bible that tells the story about Moses growing up in Egypt. Rameses honored himself by building temples and statues of himself.He had the Temple at Abu Simbel cut out of a rocky cliff and huge statues of himself made on the front.The statue to the left is the best preserved.That funny thing on his chin is a beard, which the pharaoh would attach to his face with strings for ceremonies.

Thousands of years later, the Temple at Abu Simbel was cut out of the cliffs and moved in order to make way for construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River. The skill of placing the temple just right to catch the Sun, which I'll talk about more in the next chapter, has been lost forever.But at least this great temple has been preserved so you can see it if you should ever travel to Egypt.

都是雙腳平平地踩在地上，雙手平放于膝上，正襟危坐著。它們都是同一位國王，即拉美西斯二世的雕像。拉美西斯二世也被稱為拉美西斯大帝，因為他是古埃及所有國王中最偉大的一位，但也是其中最殘忍的一位呢。

拉美西斯二世是古埃及的法老，生活在《出埃及記》所描述的那個時代。《出埃及記》是《圣經(jīng)》的一部分，講述了摩西在埃及長大成人的經(jīng)歷。拉美西斯給自己建造了許多的神廟和雕像，以此來紀(jì)念自己。他命人在懸崖上雕制出了阿布辛貝神廟，并在神廟前部為自己建造了那四尊巨型雕像。最左邊的那一尊，如今保存得最為完整。雕像下巴上那種可笑的東西，其實是胡須；舉行慶典的時候，法老就會用繩子將這種胡須掛到下巴上。

幾千年后，人們將阿布辛貝神廟從懸崖上切割下來挪走了，目的是給尼羅河上修建的阿斯旺大壩讓出位置。讓整座神廟全都沐浴著陽光的那種技術(shù)，已經(jīng)永遠(yuǎn)失傳了；而在下一章里，我還會再來說一說這種技術(shù)的。不過，起碼這座神廟被保存下來了；這樣，假如你們有一天到埃及去旅游的話，就可以去看一看這座神廟了。