第12章　石雕中的故事

對(duì)于那些到哪里都帶著錘子，把凡是找得到的雕塑統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都砸碎的人，你們會(huì)叫他們什么呢？你們很可能會(huì)說他們都是瘋子，應(yīng)當(dāng)把他們都關(guān)起來吧。

你們說得對(duì)，如今這樣的人是會(huì)被關(guān)起來的。但在很久以前，公元800年左右的時(shí)候，人們卻并不覺得這樣的人是瘋子，也沒有人想要去把他們關(guān)起來呢。他們之所以砸碎雕像，是因?yàn)樗麄冇X得，雕塑作品太像偶像了，而崇拜偶像則是沒有遵守上帝關(guān)于“你們不可制作雕刻的偶像”，或者雕刻上帝形象的誡條。他們認(rèn)為，教堂里尤其不應(yīng)當(dāng)放置這樣的偶像或者畫像呢。

在希臘語里，“偶像”一詞是icon，因此這些人被稱為“偶像破壞者”（iconoclast），就是指打碎偶像的人。他們打碎了大量雕塑，毀掉了許多的畫作和馬賽克作品，而那些可憐的藝術(shù)家要想繼續(xù)創(chuàng)作雕塑作品的話，就只能搬離有偶像破壞者的城市了。有的時(shí)候，藝術(shù)家們還會(huì)被偶像破壞者們抓住并殺掉呢。

對(duì)于砸碎、焚毀和掩埋偶像的問題，希臘教會(huì)爭論了一百多年的時(shí)間。你們可能會(huì)覺得這樣做令人驚訝，但一百年的時(shí)間過去之后，教會(huì)的確完全接受了偶像，甚至還鼓勵(lì)人們進(jìn)行偶像創(chuàng)作呢。

下面我就來說一說教會(huì)這樣做的理由。一些宗教領(lǐng)袖們說，倘若基督就是上帝在塵世間的化身的話，那么不準(zhǔn)世間有他的人形畫像，就與否認(rèn)他是一個(gè)人沒什么

that he was a man.So images of Christ-flat ones and in low relief-were made once again.It took hundreds of years more before any sculpture in-the-round of Christ would be seen.

Once the church made its decision, many beautiful bas-reliefs of Christ were made in ivory, silver, and gold. The carvings in ivory were used as the covers of books, writing tablets, and little boxes.The place to see them now is in museums where they are kept carefully in glass cases.When you look at them, remember the iconoclasts and why there were no good statues in-the-round or any Christian images at all, in low relief or painted, for a long time after the Romans.

As you learned earlier, some artists left Byzantium-the old name for Constantinople, which in turn was the old name for Istanbul in Turkey-because of the iconoclasts. The next tradition of sculpture took place several hundred years later in France under the great king Charlemagne who was crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor.So it is to France and the Middle Ages that we turn for our next great statues.And, strangely enough, these statues were all carved for churches-just what the iconoclasts didn't want！In fact, the churches were completely covered with statues, which were made of the same kind of stone as the buildings and not of marble like the Greek and Roman statues.These statues were really part of the churches.The cathedral at Chartres in France has no less than ten thousand figures of men and animals on it.They are everywhere-over the doorways, on the columns, on the roof, under the windows, on the walls.Even the waterspouts are carved in the forms of imaginary animals.

兩樣。因此，人們便開始再次制作基督的形象了，有些是平面形象，有些則是淺浮雕作品。后來又過了幾百年，世間才出現(xiàn)為基督所雕刻的立體圓雕。

教會(huì)一旦做出決定，人們便用象牙、白銀和黃金，雕刻出了許多精美的淺浮雕基督塑像。那些象牙雕塑，多用于做書籍封面、寫字板和小盒子。如今，我們只能在博物館里才能看到這些作品了，它們都被小心翼翼地保存在玻璃箱里。在觀賞它們的時(shí)候，你們的心中必須記得曾經(jīng)的那些偶像破壞者，記得古羅馬帝國滅亡之后很長一段時(shí)間里，為什么世上既無優(yōu)秀的立體圓雕，也完全沒有任何基督教的雕像，無論是淺浮雕還是畫像才是。

你們?cè)谇懊嬉呀?jīng)得知，由于偶像破壞者的壓迫，有些藝術(shù)家離開了拜占庭。拜占庭是土耳其君士坦丁堡的舊稱，而君士坦丁堡又是伊斯坦布爾的舊稱。雕塑藝術(shù)的下一種傳統(tǒng)，則源自數(shù)百年后查理曼大帝統(tǒng)治下的法國；查理曼大帝，曾經(jīng)還被加冕成為神圣羅馬帝國的皇帝呢。因此，接下來那些偉大的雕塑作品，我們便應(yīng)當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)而到法國和中世紀(jì)去尋找了。并且，非常奇怪的是，這些雕塑作品都是為各個(gè)教堂雕刻出來的，而偶像破壞者卻正是不希望看到這種情況呢！事實(shí)上，當(dāng)時(shí)各大教堂的外墻上全都布滿了雕塑作品，而所用的材料，則是與修建教堂時(shí)所用的同一種石頭，并不是像古希臘和古羅馬雕塑所用的大理石。這些雕塑作品，事實(shí)上已經(jīng)成了教堂的一個(gè)組成部分。法國的沙特爾大教堂，竟然雕有一萬多個(gè)人物和動(dòng)物形象哩。它們無處不在：教堂入口上方、圓柱上、屋頂上、窗戶下、墻上，全都是雕像。連教堂的排水口，也被雕成了人們想象出來的動(dòng)物形象呢。

Most people in the Middle Ages could neither read nor write, so these sculptures on the churches took the place of books. They told people the stories of the Bible and the saints, and they were useful as well as ornamental.

They are called Gothic figures because churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages were built in the Gothic style. The Gothic figures on a cathedral are of almost every living thing you can think of.There are scenes from the Bible, statues of saints, carvings of animals and flowers, pictures of the seasons, and images of different kinds of work like farming, writing, wood chopping, and fighting.There are figures of men and women as well as real and make-believe creatures.And each of these figures was made for the particular part of the cathedral where it was placed.The statues were not stuck on after the cathedral was built.They were a part of it, built into it, and made of the same stone.

Have you ever had a sore throat and had to gargle?On the Gothic churches there are statues that gargle. They don't have sore throats, of course, but they gargle every time it rains.They are rainspouts with holes in them so water can run out through their mouths.Like the statues that told the stories of the Bible, they are useful as well as

在中世紀(jì)，絕大多數(shù)人都既不認(rèn)字，也不會(huì)寫字；因此，各大教堂里的這些雕塑作品，便發(fā)揮了書本的作用。它們向人們描述了《圣經(jīng)》和圣徒們的故事；并且，除了裝飾，它們也還具有許多的實(shí)際用途呢。

這些雕塑品都被稱為哥特式雕塑，因?yàn)橹惺兰o(jì)的禮拜堂和大教堂，都是用哥特式風(fēng)格修建起來的。一座大教堂上的哥特式雕塑，幾乎涵蓋了你們能夠想到的所有生物。其中既有《圣經(jīng)》中的場景、圣徒塑像、動(dòng)物和花草雕像、關(guān)于四季的繪畫，也有人物在從事各種勞作的塑像，比如耕田、寫字、砍柴以及打仗等。其中既有男人、女人，也有真實(shí)的和虛幻的生物。而且，其中的每一種雕塑，都是根據(jù)它在整個(gè)大教堂所處的特定部位而量身制作出來的。這些雕塑，可不是在大教堂建成之后再粘貼上去的。它們屬于教堂的一部分，與教堂融為了一體，并且是用同樣的石頭雕刻而成的。

你們有沒有過喉嚨痛，因而必須漱口的經(jīng)歷呢？在哥特式的教堂上，也有漱口的雕塑呢。當(dāng)然，它們并不是喉嚨痛；可每次下雨，它們都會(huì)漱口。這些雕塑就是排水口，其中有孔，因而雨水可以通過它們的口中排出去。與那些講述《圣經(jīng)》故

ornamental.They are called gargoyles, and you could say that they do indeed gargle.

The gargoyles were carved in the shapes of the oddest animals you can think of. Some have heads like monkeys, some have three heads, and some have their tongues sticking out as if they were making faces.Some have claws like eagles while others have hands like men.

The imaginary animals that weren't made to gargle are called grotesques. Most of them are up near the roof like the gargoyles and seem to be looking down and laughing at the people on the ground.The sculptors of medieval cathedrals must have enjoyed carving their grotesques and gargoyles.Now what do you think the iconoclasts would say to that?

事的雕塑一樣，它們既有裝飾作用，又有實(shí)際用途。它們被稱為“雨漏”；你們也可以說，下雨的時(shí)候，它們的確是在漱口呢。

這些雨漏，都雕成了人們能夠想到的最古怪的野獸模樣。有些雨漏的頭部像猴子，有些雨漏有三個(gè)頭，還有些雕塑則將舌頭伸出來，好像是在做鬼臉?biāo)频摹Ｓ行┯曷┥系裰楒腊愕淖ψ樱€有一些則雕著像人類一樣的雙手。

而那些不是用于做雨漏、純屬想象出來的動(dòng)物雕塑，則被稱為“怪獸”。其中的絕大多數(shù)，都像雨漏一樣雕在靠近屋頂?shù)母咛帲孟袷窃诰痈吲R下地看著并嘲諷地面上的人似的。中世紀(jì)建造大教堂的那些雕塑家們，一定都很喜歡雕刻這種怪獸和雨漏吧。如今，你們覺得那些偶像破壞者，對(duì)此又會(huì)做何評(píng)價(jià)呢？