第11章　半身像和浮雕

爸爸媽媽或者老師有沒有告訴過你們，讓你們不要說bust這個詞呢？“要是他再吃東西的話，他的肚子就會bust（撐破）了！”這樣說，不是正確的英語。我很贊同你們爸爸媽媽或者老師的說法。你們應當說“burst（撐破）”才對。

不過，現在我打算告訴你們正確使用bust這個詞的方法；這樣的話，你們的爸爸媽媽或者老師，就會樂意聽到你們說這個詞語了。在不標準的英語里，bust與burst可以混用，指“爆炸，撐破”。但在標準英語里，bust卻是指一件只刻畫出了一個人上半身的雕塑作品，通常包括頭部、脖子、肩膀和胸部，有時也只有頭部和脖子，即“半身像”的意思。一尊制作得與某個特定人物看上去很像的半身像，稱為人物半身雕像。你們看到這種人物半身雕像時，可能會說：“看上去那真像是某某人呀！”

雖說古埃及人制作出了一些非常優秀的人物半身雕像，但此種雕像制作得最為精美的，還要算是古羅馬人。古羅馬人制作出來的半身像都非常逼真，看上去就像是你們如今可能看到的正在大街上走路的真人那樣。你們很可能都還記得，盡管許多古希臘人并沒有長著一個希臘鼻，可古希臘雕塑家還是給絕大多數雕像都安上了希臘鼻。古羅馬人則不然，他們喜歡將半身像雕得像真人一樣。假如一個人長著歪鼻子或者雙下巴，那么雕塑家就會給他雕出一個長著歪鼻子或者雙下巴的半身像來。要是那個人滿臉愁容，雕塑家也會照葫蘆畫瓢，把那個人的半身像雕刻得愁容滿面。

Each Roman family that could afford it had busts made of all the members of the family. These busts were handed down in the family so that an old family had a great many busts of its ancestors around the house.Whenever there was a death in the family, all the family portrait busts were carried down the street in the funeral procession.If you had watched one of these processions, you could have seen how much a grandson looked like the bust of his grandfather that he was carrying.

Each Roman emperor, including Augustus, had hundreds of busts made of himself to be sent to all the important cities in the Roman Empire.

Except for the busts, the Romans didn't think they were as good as the Greeks at making statues in-the-round. So when they conquered Greece, they brought back to Rome all the famous Greek statues they could find.They brought back Greek sculptors, too, and made them carve statues in Rome.Many of the statues made in Rome were not original but copies of famous Greek statues.It's lucky for us the copies were made because so many of the

在古羅馬，凡是承擔得起這筆費用的家庭，都會給所有的家人制作這樣一尊半身雕像。這些半身像被家人一代一代地傳承下來，因此一個歷史悠久的家族，家里會到處都是祖先的半身雕像呢。只要有家人去世，家族的所有半身雕像就會被搬出來，加入大街上送葬的隊伍當中。假如親眼見過一支這樣的送葬隊伍，那你們一定可以看出，孫子的模樣與他手中捧著的爺爺那尊半身雕像有多么的相像。

每一位古羅馬皇帝，其中也包括奧古斯都，都曾命人為自己制作過數百座半身雕像，并且將這些雕像分送到羅馬帝國的各個重要城市里去。

除了半身雕像，古羅馬人都認為他們不像古希臘人那樣擅長于制作圓雕。因此，古羅馬人征服希臘之后，便把自己凡是能夠找到的，古希臘的所有著名雕像都帶回了羅馬。他們也帶回了一些古希臘的雕塑家，讓這些人在羅馬制作雕像。因此，在古羅馬制作的許多雕塑都不是原創作品，而是古希臘那些著名雕塑作品的仿制品。我們倒是覺得，幸虧古羅馬人制作出了這些仿制品，因為古希臘許多偉

great Greek statues were lost.If we hadn’t been able to dig up Roman copies of them, we wouldn’t know at all what they were like.

You remember Myron's The Discus Thrower. The bronze statue that Myron himself made disappeared and has never been found.But the Romans admired it, described it carefully in writing, and copied it several times in stone, and so we know what it was like.The Romans used stone instead of bronze, maybe because they wanted to save metal for their armies or maybe because it was easier to carve than cast metal.But as you probably remember, stone cannot support itself as bronze can so the figures needed an extra piece of support, like a carved tree stump, to keep it from falling over and breaking.

Although the Romans weren't as good as the Greeks at making statues in-the-round, they did make some excellent bas-reliefs. Many young people like the reliefs showing the campaigns of the Emperor Trajan.They show the Roman soldiers

大的雕塑作品都已經遺失了。倘若我們沒能發掘出古羅馬的這些仿制品的話，那么我們根本就不知道原作是個什么樣子了。

你們都還記得米隆創作的那尊《擲鐵餅者》吧。米隆親手制作的那座青銅雕像已經不復存在了，并且此后一直都沒有找到。可古羅馬人卻對這尊雕塑作品崇拜得很，非但在文獻資料中詳盡地進行了描述，還多次將其復制成石雕，因此我們如今才知道原作是個什么樣子呢。古羅馬人習慣于用石頭而不是用青銅來制作雕塑，或許是因為他們想省下金屬來用于軍隊，又或許是因為石頭雕刻起來要比鑄造金屬更容易一些吧。不過，你們很可能都還記得，石頭不如青銅那樣能夠支撐住自身的重量，因此石雕需要另加支撐物，比如一個雕刻而成的樹樁，才能不讓雕像倒下來摔碎。

盡管古羅馬人不如古希臘人那樣擅長于雕刻立體圓雕，但他們也制作出了一些極其精美的淺浮雕。許多年輕人，都喜歡那些描繪圖拉真大帝征戰四方的浮雕作品。這些浮雕，描繪了古羅馬士兵們行軍、宿營、作戰、攻取城市、抓獲俘虜和帶

marching, camping, fighting, taking a city, capturing prisoners, and carrying off the spoils of war.Trajan’s campaign was carved on a marble column and the sculptured band winds around the column from the bottom to the top like a corkscrew.The column is still standing in Rome and is called Trajan’s Column.There are so many tiny figures that the story depicted is very difficult for us to interpret as we look up the column.But in the time of the Romans, the scenes were probably seen in the same way that a television account of war might be today.

Another famous relief is carved on the Altar of Peace of Augustus, which the Roman Senate ordered to be erected in 13 B. C.when the Emperor Augustus came back from putting down revolts in the western part of the Roman Empire.

So if anyone should ask you what kind of sculpture the Romans did best, just tell them，“Reliefs and busts.”

著戰利品凱旋的場景。圖拉真大帝的征戰場景，都雕刻在一根大理石柱上；柱子上那條帶狀的浮雕圖案，就像螺旋一樣，從柱子底部蜿蜒而上，直達柱頂。這根石柱，如今依然屹立在羅馬，被稱為“圖拉真圓柱”。柱子上雕有眾多的人物形象，因此我們在仰望石柱時，很難說清上面描繪的都是些什么樣的情節。可在古羅馬時代，人們在觀看這些場景的時候，很可能就像如今我們在電視上看戰爭紀錄片一樣呢。

還有一件有名的浮雕作品，雕刻在“奧古斯都和平祭壇”上；這座祭壇，是古羅馬元老院下令于公元前13年建造而成的，當時正值奧古斯都大帝平定了古羅馬帝國西部的叛亂之后，班師返回羅馬的時候。

因此，倘若有人問你們，古羅馬人最擅長于哪種雕塑藝術的話，你們就可以告訴他們說：“是浮雕和半身雕像。”