第7章　菲狄亞斯之后

你們是不是長著一個希臘鼻呢？你們又知不知道，什么叫希臘鼻呢？這種鼻子，倘若從側面來看，鼻梁很直，從前額往下，呈一條直線。觀察一下你們周圍的人，看有沒有人長著希臘鼻。如今長這種鼻子的人不多，而古希臘人自然也不是全都長著這種鼻子。不過，古希臘的雕塑家卻認為，這種鼻子的形狀最漂亮，因此他們便將自己雕塑作品中的人物全都雕成了希臘鼻。有一尊雕像，雕刻的是身為眾神信使的赫耳墨斯，它就呈現出了一個完美的希臘鼻。

雕像里的赫耳墨斯，是一個身體強壯、體格健碩的年輕人。赫耳墨斯的胳膊中抱著一個小男孩，那是宙斯交給他，讓他去照料的。赫耳墨斯顯得很細心，因為他是輕輕地抱著那個小男孩；而你們則差不多會以為，那個小寶寶伸出小手，是準備去抓赫耳墨斯頭上的卷發。可實際上，那個小寶寶準備去抓的，是赫耳墨斯手中曾經拎著的一串葡萄呢。雖說這尊雕像四肢的一部分已經不見了，可它的頭部和身體卻依然非常完美；很可能，世界上再也沒有哪件破損的雕塑作品，會比它更迷人、更漂亮呢。這件作品，是一個名叫普拉克希特列斯的古希臘雕塑家制作出來的。就算他終生沒有雕刻出其他任何作品，這一尊雕塑也足夠偉大，足以讓他流芳百世了。

人們認為，普拉克希特列斯還制作出了其他數尊雕像。其中之一，便是一尊農牧之神的雕像。農牧之神，是古羅馬神話中一種半人半羊的生物。后來，納撒尼

Perhaps the best known of all statues in the world is that of Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. The sculpture was found on the Greek island of Melos, and so it is called the Venus of Melos, or Venus de Milo.She, too, has a perfect Greek nose.We do not know who the sculptor was, but some people now think that one of the students of Praxiteles must have made it.

In the statue, Venus has no arms, but a great many people have tried to imagine what the arms were doing when she did have them. Some say that she was holding a bronze shield on her knee and looking into its brightly polished surface to see her reflection.People had no glass mirrors at that time.Instead their mirrors were made of shiny metal.Others say she held a lance or something else or nothing at all, but no one is sure.

Venus de Milo was discovered by accident. A man happened to pass by a limekiln on the island of Melos one day and the statue was lying on the

爾·霍桑寫《玉石雕像》時的靈感，就來自這尊雕像呢。但是，我們并不確定，世上還有沒有他親自制作的其他雕像。

或許，全世界所有的雕塑作品中，最廣為人知的要算愛情和美貌女神維納斯的那尊雕像了。這座雕像是在希臘的米洛斯島上發現的，因此被稱為《米洛斯的維納斯》，或者《米羅的維納斯》。這座維納斯的雕像，也有一個完美的希臘鼻。雖說我們搞不清楚是誰創作了這座雕像，但如今有些人認為，這一定是普拉克希特列斯的某位學生雕刻出來的。

這座雕像里的維納斯沒有胳膊。許多人都曾經試圖去想象，有胳膊的時候，她的胳膊究竟在干什么。有些人說，她是手持一面青銅盾牌，并將盾牌擱在自己膝上，看著打磨得非常光亮的盾面，在照鏡子。當時，世界上還沒有玻璃鏡面呢。人們都是用閃亮的金屬器具來當鏡子的。還有一些人則說，她是手持長矛，或者手持其他東西，或者手里根本就沒拿任何東西。不過，這些都只是猜測，誰也沒法肯定。

《米羅的維納斯》是在無意當中被人們發現的。有一天，一個人偶然經過了米

ground near the limekiln.A limekiln is a kind of furnace where stone is burned to turn it into lime.The Greek owner of the limekiln, like a good many people today, saw no beauty in the old broken statue and was about to break it up and put it in the furnace to turn it into lime.The man who happened by in the nick of time did know how valuable the statue was and he bought it.After some time, France got it and placed it in the Louvre Museum in Paris.It is one of that museum’s chief treasures and cannot be bought for any sum of money.

Many believe this statue to be the most beautiful of all women because she is a combination of women who are different ages all at once. She is a young girl, young mother, and mature woman all at the same time.Can you see who's who?

Praxiteles had a friend named Scopas, who also was a sculptor but he liked to make statues that showed people in an emotional state. There are several statues showing the mythological figure Niobe and her children that Scopas may have done, for the statues are the kind he did-they show the emotion of suffering.But some believe Praxiteles did them.Others think the students of one of these two sculptors did them.

The Greek story of Niobe is this：Niobe was the mother of fourteen children-seven boys and seven

洛斯島上的一座石灰窯，發現這尊雕像就躺在石灰窯附近的地上。石灰窯是一種能夠把石頭燒化成石灰的大火爐。當時，擁有這座石灰窯的那個希臘人就像如今的許多人一樣，看不出這尊又舊又破的雕像有什么美感來，所以正準備打碎雕像，將它扔進窯里去燒成石灰哩。在這千鈞一發之際碰巧經過的那個人，卻知道這尊雕像有多珍貴，所以將雕像買了下來。過了一段時間，這尊雕像被法國購得，成了巴黎盧浮宮的藏品。如今，這座雕像可是盧浮宮的鎮館之寶，出多少錢也買不到了哩。

許多人都認為，這尊雕像是所有女性雕塑作品中最美麗的一座，因為它將同一女性不同年齡段的美麗集于一身。她既是一個少女，一位年輕的母親，同時也是一個成熟的女人。你們能看出哪個地方說明她是少女，哪個地方又說明她是年輕的母親和成熟的女人嗎？

普拉克希特列斯有一個朋友，叫作斯科帕斯，后者也是一位雕塑家，但他喜歡制作表現人們情感狀態的雕塑。有好幾尊描述神話人物尼俄柏及其孩子們的雕塑，可能都是斯科帕斯的杰作，因為這些雕塑完全符合他的風格：它們都表現了人物承受苦難時的強烈情感。不過，有些人卻認為，這幾座雕像都是普拉克希特列斯雕刻出來的。還有一些人則認為，它們是這兩位雕塑家的一位學生雕刻出來的。

在古希臘神話中，關于尼俄柏的故事是這樣的：尼俄柏是一位母親，她生了

girls-of whom she was very proud.But she made the mistake of boasting about them to a goddess who had only two children and that made the goddess jealous.As a punishment, all of Niobe’s children were killed before her eyes.Niobe, with her arms wrapped around her youngest child, is shown trying to shield her from the arrows of the gods.As her last child was killed, the gods, as a great favor, turned Niobe into stone so she wouldn’t suffer any more.

One of the students of Scopas is supposed to have made another very famous statue that we call Winged Victory, or Victory of Samothrace because it was found on the Greek island of Samothrace. The statue was made to celebrate a victory of the Greeks at sea.The statue shows the goddess of victory standing on the prow of a boat with the wind blowing back her robe.Although she has neither head nor arms, you can see in your mind's eye how she must have looked as she stood triumphantly erect, blowing a trumpet and facing the sea breeze.

Have you ever noticed what someone looks like when he is running fast or perhaps riding a bicycle as fast as possible down a long hill?When you look at Winged Victory, you can see her just like that. Her flowing clothes and wings give you a feeling of the wind rushing by.And there is something very unusual too.You can see different parts of her body clearly.Imagine how difficult it is to show that in marble and you will see just why Winged Victory is so famous.

You may wonder why someone has not repaired this Greek statue-that is, brought it back to its original condition by putting a new head and arms on it. As a matter of fact, many sculptors have tried to do so.Of course they were not allowed

十四個孩子，七男七女，并且很為自己的這些孩子感到自豪。不過，她犯了一個錯誤，竟然向一位只生了兩個孩子的女神吹噓自己的孩子們有多了不起，從而讓那位女神妒火中燒。作為懲罰，她命人當面殺死了尼俄柏的十四個孩子。雕像中的尼俄柏緊緊地抱著最小的孩子，樣子就像是在竭力替孩子擋住眾神射過來的箭矢。最后一個孩子也被殺死之后，眾神又“大發慈悲”，將尼俄柏變成了石頭，以便讓她不再受苦。

人們認為，斯科帕斯的一位學生制作出了另一尊極其著名的雕像，我們稱這座雕像為《雙翼勝利女神》，或者《薩莫色雷斯的勝利女神》，因為這尊雕像是在希臘一個叫作薩莫色雷斯的島嶼上發現的。制作這尊雕像，是為了慶祝古希臘人的一次海戰大捷。雕像描述的是勝利女神站在船首，海風將她身上的長袍向后吹拂著的情形。盡管雕像既沒有頭，也沒有胳膊，但你們完全可以想象得出，她歡欣鼓舞地矗立船頭，吹著得勝的號角，面對獵獵海風時的模樣呢。

你們有沒有注意過，一個人正在飛速奔跑，或者騎著自行車飛速沖下一條長長的山坡時的樣子呢？觀察觀察《雙翼勝利女神》這尊雕像，你們就會看到，雕像的樣子正是如此。她那飄揚的衣裾和雙翼，給人一種海風迅速拂過身旁的感覺。這尊雕像還有某種極其罕見之處。你們完全可以清晰地看出女神的各個身體部位來。想一想，用大理石來清晰地表現出各個部位該有多么困難；這樣，你們就會明白，《雙翼勝利女神》這尊雕像為何會如此有名了。

你們可能會覺得奇怪，為什么沒有人修復這尊古希臘的雕塑作品；也就是說，為什么沒有人給它安上一個

to experiment on the original statue, but they made copies and added the missing parts as they supposed those parts must have been.It may seem strange, but every such restoration, as it is called, has been so unsatisfactory that everyone prefers the broken statue instead of a restored one.

I know a little girl who always puts her hand over the illustrations in a book that she loves to read.“Because，”she says，“the picture I see in my mind is so much better than the picture in the book that I don't want the picture I have in my mind spoiled！”Can you picture in your mind how the Winged Victory or the Venus de Milo once looked?

新的腦袋和新的胳膊，從而將它恢復到原貌。事實上，很多的雕塑家都曾經試過這一點呢。當然，他們是不準在這尊雕像的原作上進行試驗的；不過，他們制作了許多的復制品，并將他們以為原先一定存在、如今不見了的身體部位補上去。雖說似乎奇怪得很，但每次所謂的“復原”都讓人們覺得非常不滿意，因此大家都寧愿去看這尊破損了的原作，也不愿再將它復原。

我認識一個小姑娘，她總是會用手遮住自己喜歡看的、書里面的插圖。“因為，”她解釋說，“我腦海里想象出來的圖畫，要比書里的好多了，所以不想讓書里的插圖毀掉我想象中的畫面！”你們能在腦海里想象一下，《雙翼勝利女神》或者《米羅的維納斯》這兩尊雕像曾經的樣子嗎？