第6章　古希臘最偉大的雕塑家

普通的人一般被稱為“先生”，比如史密斯先生呀，瓊斯先生呀。而我們在稱呼偉大人物的時候，通常卻不加“先生”一詞，而是用偉人的全稱，比如喬治·華盛頓。可對于全世界最偉大的人物呢，我們通常又只稱呼他們的姓。雖說人們早已列出了世界歷史上最偉大的一百位人物的名錄，比如最偉大的君主、最偉大的作家、最偉大的畫家等，但你們很可能從來都沒有聽說過世界歷史上最偉大的雕塑家的情況呢。他是一位古希臘人，叫作菲狄亞斯；這可不是他的名字，而是他的姓，就是菲狄亞斯。

波利克里托斯和米隆制作的，都是凡人的雕像。而菲狄亞斯雕刻的，卻是神靈以及圣人的雕像。雅典有一座巨大的山丘，叫作“阿克羅波利斯”，就是“高地城邦”的意思。古希臘人在這個山丘上修建了一座非常漂亮的神廟，叫作“巴臺農(nóng)神廟”。之所以修建這座神廟，只是為了在這里供奉一尊宏偉輝煌的雅典娜神像。古希臘人認(rèn)為，雅典娜女神賜予了他們很多的有用之物，并且像一位母親守護(hù)著兒女那樣，守護(hù)著古希臘人和他們的城邦。

菲狄亞斯被推選來制作這尊女神雕像。由于冰冷的大理石并不是十分理想的雕塑材料，因此菲狄亞斯是用黃金和象牙制作出這尊雕像的，并且雕像的高度達(dá)到了真人的八倍。他雕刻出來的雅典娜筆直地站立著，身披一件垂到了地上的無袖長袍。

雕像的胸前，有一塊邊沿雕有毒蛇的胸甲。因為當(dāng)時的人認(rèn)為，毒蛇是世界上最聰明的生物。而胸甲的中心，則是美杜莎的頭像。你們可能都還記得，前面我跟你們說

supposed to be the wisest of creatures.In the center of the breastplate was the head of Medusa.You may remember I told you that Athena helped Perseus to cut Medusa’s head off.Well, around the head of Medusa, between the serpents and the head, a battle between the Amazons and the Greeks was shown.Athena wore a helmet.On top of this helmet was a sphinx and on each side of the sphinx were winged horses.

Athena's left arm rested on a shield and carried a lance, around which coiled another serpent. In her right hand Athena held a statue of Victory, who faced her and offered her a wreath of gold.The statue of Victory was about six feet tall, so you can see how big the statue of Athena herself must have been.

This statue of Athena has entirely disappeared, probably stolen piece by piece for its gold and ivory. We know what it looked like only by a small, probably very poor copy that was made of it.And judging by the copy we have, we cannot quite agree that the statue was as beautiful as the ancient Greeks thought it.A full-size statue was made from that copy.Today it stands in a full-size copy of the Parthenon in Tennessee, not Greece.

Phidias's statue of Athena, as I told you, was inside the Parthenon. All around the four outside walls of the temple, high up near the roof, was a band or strip of sculptured figures in low relief called a frieze.This frieze was almost a tenth of a mile long and showed in marble a parade of grand procession that took place in Athens once every four years.

The object of the procession was to bear a gift of a golden dress made by the girls of

過，雅典娜曾經(jīng)幫助珀耳修斯砍掉了美杜莎的腦袋。而在美杜莎的頭像周圍，即毒蛇邊飾和頭像之間，則刻畫了阿瑪宗人與古希臘人之間的一場戰(zhàn)斗。雅典娜戴著一頂頭盔。頭盔頂上，雕有一尊斯芬克斯。而斯芬克斯的兩側(cè)，則各有一匹長有翅膀的飛馬。

雅典娜的左臂擱在一面盾牌之上，并且手持一支長矛。長矛之上，纏繞著另一條毒蛇。雅典娜的右手握著一尊勝利女神維克托里亞的雕像。維克托里亞面對著雅典娜，正將一個黃金花環(huán)獻(xiàn)給她。光是維克托里亞的雕像，就有約六英尺高，由此你們就可以看出，這尊雅典娜雕像本身有多巨大了。

這尊雅典娜雕像已經(jīng)完全不復(fù)存在，很可能是被人一點一點地偷走了，因為這座雕像是用黃金和象牙制作的。我們?nèi)缃裰灾浪臉幼樱皇怯捎谖覀冇幸蛔⌒偷模芸赡茏龉ひ卜浅４至拥膹?fù)制品。而從如今擁有的這尊復(fù)制品來看，我們可沒法完全像古希臘人那樣，認(rèn)為它有多么多么的美麗呢。人們根據(jù)這座復(fù)制品，制作出了一尊與原件大小一樣的雕像。如今，這尊雕像也坐落在按照一比一復(fù)制出來的巴臺農(nóng)神廟里；可這座巴臺農(nóng)神廟，并不在希臘，而是在美國的田納西州。

前面我跟你們說過，菲狄亞斯雕刻的這座雅典娜雕像，被供奉在巴臺農(nóng)神廟里。神廟四面外墻上靠近屋頂?shù)牡胤剑裼幸蝗\浮雕圖案，稱為“橫飾”。這圈橫飾，差不多有十分之一英里長，用大理石描繪了雅典每四年舉行一次的盛大游行。

舉行這種游行的目的，是為了將雅典的姑娘們?yōu)檠诺淠扰裰谱鞯囊患S金禮服，當(dāng)作禮物獻(xiàn)祭給雅典娜；因此，人們會盛況空前地把這件黃金禮服送到神廟里

Athens for their goddess, and it was carried with great pomp and ceremony to the temple.All Athenians-men, women, and children-took their part in the procession.There were horsemen with their horses.There were animals to be sacrificed.There were girls and boys bearing gifts.There were musicians and singers.

The frieze of the procession starts at one end of the Parthenon and proceeds along both sides of the temple to the other end where the entrance is. It is the most perfect relief work that we know anything about.And although there are hundreds of figures of men, women, and animals, Phidias planned it all and, with his students, made it all.There is a tenth of a mile of it and yet, at the time it was completed, there was not one rough or unfinished part in the entire frieze-even the parts that could not be seen were finished.Nothing except perfection was good enough for the temple of this goddess of the Athenians.

When the relief was in place on the Parthenon wall, it could just barely be seen because it was so high up and closed in by the portico of columns that surrounded it. The background and the figures were painted in bright colors so they could be seen better.

Above and between the columns in the Parthenon are spaces or panels called metopes. These metopes contain high reliefs illustrating battles, most of which are between gods and animals called centaurs.A centaur is a mythological monster that has the body of a horse and the head and trunk of a man.

There are ninety-two groups of these metopes, and all are now broken！In many cases, an arm or a leg is gone, a nose is broken, or an ear or an eye is missing. So you have to use your imagination to understand what the figure looked like when it was perfect.If you

去。所有的雅典人，不論男女老少，都會參加此次游行。有騎著高頭大馬的騎士，有準(zhǔn)備獻(xiàn)祭的牲畜，有捧著禮物的童男童女，還有許多樂師和歌手。

這圈描繪游行盛況的橫飾，從巴臺農(nóng)神廟的一端開始，沿著神廟外墻的兩側(cè)，直達(dá)神廟大門所在的另一端。這是我們知道的，所有作品中最完美的一件浮雕。并且，盡管其中雕有數(shù)百個人物和動物的圖案，菲狄亞斯卻通盤設(shè)計，然后帶領(lǐng)自己的學(xué)生，完美地將它們呈現(xiàn)了出來。雖說整圈橫飾長達(dá)十分之一英里，可到完工的時候，整圈橫飾中卻沒有一處粗制濫造或者未完成的部分，連那些看不到的地方，也都非常完美。只有完美，才配得上雅典人供奉雅典娜女神的這座神廟呢。

這圈浮雕在巴臺農(nóng)神廟里雕刻到位之后，人們卻很難看得到，因為它的位置太高，還被四周的柱廊圍擋起來了。因此，浮雕的背景和圖案都被涂上了亮麗的顏色，以便讓人們看得更清楚一點兒。

巴臺農(nóng)神廟里那些柱子上方和柱子之間的空隙或者嵌板，稱為“柱間壁”。這些柱間壁上，都雕有描繪戰(zhàn)斗場景的高浮雕，其中絕大部分是眾神與一種叫作“半人馬”的野獸之間的搏斗。“半人馬”是神話故事中的一種怪物，身子是馬，但頭和上身卻是人。

神廟里有九十二組這樣的柱間壁飾，可如今它們都已經(jīng)破損不堪了！在許多情況下，其中的人物要么是一只胳膊、一條腿掉了，或是一只鼻子破了，要么就是少了一只耳朵或一只眼睛。因此，你們得運用自己的想象力，去想象圖案完整無缺時是個什么樣子才行。假如沒有什么想象力，那你們很可能就會驚呼道：“什么！您

have no imagination, you probably will exclaim，“What！You call that beautiful?”

At each end of the Parthenon there is a large triangular space made by the sloping roof called a pediment. In these two triangular spaces were groups of superb, heroic-size figures of gods and goddesses.The word heroic-size means bigger than real life.The figures are fully in-the-round-that is, they stand free from the background.Unfortunately, little is left of these sculptures.

The group in one triangular end represented the birth of Athena. Athena was not born as a tiny baby but full-grown and fully armed.And she came from the brain of the king of the gods-that is why she was so wise.Zeus, the chief of the gods, was in the center of this group.Hephaestus, the blacksmith god, had just struck Zeus on the head with his hammer and, according to the story, Athena sprang out of Zeus's head in full armor.

On each side of this central group, the other gods and goddesses are looking on. Some are standing, some are sitting, and some are lying down.The groups were planned to fit the triangular spaces.Dionysus Reclining is one of the remaining statues.

Lord Elgin, an English nobleman, saw these sculptures many years ago and thought them so beautiful that he wanted his country

說那也叫美麗？”

巴臺農(nóng)神廟的兩端，各有一個由傾斜屋頂所構(gòu)成的三角墻，稱為“人字墻”。這兩座三角墻上，雕有數(shù)組宏偉的、尺寸大過真人的眾神雕像。所謂的“尺寸大過真人”，就是指尺寸比現(xiàn)實當(dāng)中的人更大。這些雕像全都是徹徹底底的圓雕；也就是說，它們?nèi)际敲撾x了背景的雕像。可惜的是，如今這些雕像也幾乎所剩無幾了。

其中一面人字墻一端的一組雕像，描繪了雅典娜女神降生時的情形。雅典娜出生時，可不是一個小寶寶，而是長大成人了，并且全副武裝呢。她是從眾神之王的腦袋里生出來的，所以她才這么聰明。眾神之首宙斯位于這組雕像的中心。身為鐵匠的火神赫菲斯托斯，剛剛用自己的鐵錘擊打了宙斯的腦袋；而根據(jù)神話的說法，此時，全副武裝的雅典娜一下子便從宙斯的腦袋里跳了出來。

這組處于中心地帶的雕像，周圍都是旁觀的其他眾神。有些神靈站著，有些神靈坐著，還有些神靈則是躺著。這些眾神的雕像，都被設(shè)計得與整面三角形的人字墻絲絲入扣。下面這尊《斜倚著的狄俄尼索斯》，便是其中保存下來的一座雕像。

英國的一位貴族埃爾金勛爵，在很多年前看到了這些雕塑，覺得它們非常漂亮，因而希望自己的祖國也有這樣的雕塑作品。這些雕塑作品在正常的情況下是看

to have them.The sculptures could not be seen properly and they were gradually being destroyed, for there seemed to be no one interested enough to take care of them.So Lord Elgin bought most of them for about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars and took them to England, where they were put in the British Museum.They are now known as the Elgin Marbles.

But the greatest of all the sculpture that Phidias made was not in Athens. It was in a temple at Olympia.For this temple he made a statue of Zeus.It, too, was made of gold and ivory, and it, too, has disappeared.This statue of Zeus was so famous that it was called one of the Seven Wonders of the World and every Greek hoped to see it before he died.When Phidias had completed it, he prayed to Zeus and asked him to show in some way if he liked the statue of himself-whereupon a thunderbolt shot down from the blue sky overhead and struck near the sculptor's feet！

But after all he had done, the great Phidias was put in prison. You'd never guess why！It was because he had carved a picture of himself on the shield of Athena in the Parthenon.To the Athenians, it was a terrible crime for a mortal to put a picture of himself on the shield of their goddess！And so Phidias died in prison.What an end for such a great sculptor.

不到的，它們逐漸被損毀了，因為當(dāng)時似乎沒人對保護(hù)這些雕塑感興趣。于是，埃爾金勛爵便花了大約二十五萬美元，將其中的大部分都購買下來，并帶回了英國，存放到了大英博物館里。如今，這些雕塑便都被稱為“埃爾金大理石雕”了。

不過，菲狄亞斯制作的最偉大的一件作品，卻并不在雅典。它位于奧林匹亞的一座神廟里。他曾經(jīng)為這座神廟制作了一尊宙斯雕像。這尊雕像也是用黃金和象牙雕刻而成的，并且如今也已不復(fù)存在了。由于這尊宙斯雕像極其有名，因此它還號稱“世界七大奇跡”之一；每個希臘人都希望，自己能夠在有生之年去看上一眼呢。菲狄亞斯完工之后，曾經(jīng)向宙斯祈禱，要求宙斯用某種方式顯一顯靈，看他是不是喜歡自己的這尊雕像。就在此時，晴天里竟然出現(xiàn)了一道霹靂，從菲狄亞斯的頭頂直劈下來，擊在這位雕塑家的腳邊！

不過，在做完這一切之后，偉大的菲狄亞斯卻被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。你們可能永遠(yuǎn)都猜不到原因！這是因為，他竟然把自己的形象，刻在巴臺農(nóng)神廟里雅典娜雕像的盾牌之上了。在雅典人看來，一名凡夫俗子竟然將自己的樣子刻在雅典娜女神的盾牌之上，這可是一種嚴(yán)重的罪行！于是，菲狄亞斯后來便死在了監(jiān)獄里。對于這樣偉大的一位雕塑家來說，最終竟是這樣一種下場，真是令人惋惜啊。