第5章　自然站立

小時候，在學校舉行的大會上背誦詩歌時，我都會像古希臘人雕刻的拉美西斯大帝一樣地站在臺上，雙手直直地垂在身體兩側，雙腳緊緊并攏，穩穩當當地踩在地板上。

“僵硬刻板得很，”我的老師曾經如此評價道，“你不能站得更加自然一點兒嗎？兩只腳一前一后！”

于是，我便站得像那尊“布拉克校長”的木雕一樣了，可我的雙腳，卻仍然平平地踩在地板上。這可是我能夠保持的最自然的站姿了，而這似乎也是雕塑家們能夠讓自己制作出來的雕像保持站姿的最佳辦法，直到出現了一位名叫波利克里托斯的古希臘雕塑家，這種情況才有所改變。

波利克里托斯制作了一尊運動員的雕像，名叫《執矛者》。這是歷史上第一座擁有一種放松而自然之站姿的雕像。其中人物的重心放在一條腿上，并且雙腳是一前一后。波利克里托斯是在運動員的一只腳跟下楔入了一小塊墊子，讓這條腿抬起來，擺出正確的姿勢，并且給運動員以及整座雕像以必需的支撐力，從而做到這一點的。古希臘人稱《執矛者》是一種理想的形體，因為其中人物的比例非常完美；而其他的雕塑家也紛紛將這座雕像當成典范，模仿它的比例來制作雕像。事實上，一些真正的運動員還想方設法地要通過鍛煉，好讓自己胸膛、四肢的大小變得像《執矛者》中的那位運動員一樣哩。

Polyclitus also made a statue of a woman athlete called an Amazon. The Amazons were a mythological race of warrior women who wanted nothing to do with men-except to fight them in battles and duels.

Other sculptors admired these two statues by Polyclitus and made copies of them in marble. It is fortunate for us they did so, for all we have now are the copies.The ones that Polyclitus himself made have disappeared and no trace of them is left.

Polyclitus made his statues out of a metal called bronze. The first metal ever discovered was not gold or silver or iron but copper.Then tin was found, and tin and copper were combined to make bronze.So bronze is not a pure metal.It is a combination of copper and tin.Bronze lasts if kept dry；however, when it is

exposed to the weather or dampness, it is gradually eaten away. Bronze could be worked so well that the Greeks loved to make statues and other things out of it.It does not rust like iron, it is not expensive like gold or silver, and over the course of time, it gets a greenish coating called a patina.

I have an ancient lamp made of bronze with a beautiful patina that took perhaps two thousand years to form. Some people try to imitate the real patina by treating bronze with acid, but only nature and time can make the real patina.

波利克里托斯還制作了一尊叫作《阿瑪宗人》的女性運動員雕像。阿瑪宗人是神話傳說中一個由好戰的女性所組成的民族；除了在戰斗和決斗中與男子作戰，她們可不希望與男子發生任何瓜葛呢。

其他的雕塑家都很崇拜波利克里托斯創作的這兩座雕像，因而用大理石制作出了許多的仿制品。對于我們來說，幸虧他們這樣做了，因為如今我們只有這兩座雕像的仿制品了。波利克里托斯親手雕刻出來的原作已經不見了，連一丁點兒痕跡也沒有留下。

波利克里托斯制作雕像時，用的是一種叫作“青銅”的金屬。人類發現的第一種金屬，既非黃金、白銀，也不是鋼鐵，而是銅。接著，人們發現了錫。于是，他們便將錫和銅熔化混合，制成了青銅。因此，青銅并不是一種純金屬，而是銅、錫的合金。假如放在干燥的環境里，青銅就能夠長久保存；然而，一旦遭到日曬雨淋或者受潮，青銅就會慢慢腐蝕。由于青銅很容易加工，因此古希臘人很喜歡用青銅來制作雕塑或者其他物品。青銅不會像鐵那樣生銹，也不像金、銀那樣昂貴；而隨著時間的流逝，青銅器上還會長出一層叫作“銅綠”的綠色覆蓋物呢。

我收藏著的一盞古代油燈，上面就長了一層漂亮的銅綠；這層銅綠，沒準要兩千年的時間才能形成哩。如今有些人試圖通過用酸性溶液對青銅器加以處理，來仿制出真正的銅綠；可真正的銅綠，只有自然和時間才能造就。

Another Greek sculptor, a friend of Polyclitus, was named Myron. Myron went further than Polyclitus in giving his figures naturalness and action.One of his statues is called The Discus Thrower.Discus-throwing is a sport in which the object is to see how far a heavy disk can be thrown underhanded.

The Discus Thrower is shown at the moment just before he hurls the discus. Notice the toes of the front foot gripping the ground and those on the rear foot being drawn along the ground to balance the body.Back then, the discus weighed about two and a half pounds and the record throw was less than one hundred feet.That may not seem very far until you try it.Today the discus has been thrown up to one hundred and fifty-five feet.

The Discus Thrower was first made in bronze, but the bronze statue has disappeared and the statue shown here was made in marble from a copy. It is one of several marble copies in museums around the world.The difference between the bronze and marble copy, besides the color, is that marble is so heavy that it breaks if it is not supported.That is why the

還有一位古希臘雕塑家，他是波利克里托斯的朋友，名叫米隆。在賦予雕像以自然感和運動感方面，米隆比波利克里托斯更進了一步。他制作出來的雕塑當中，有一座叫作《擲鐵餅者》。擲鐵餅是一項體育運動，目的是看一個運動員究竟能手不過肩地將一塊沉重的鐵餅扔多遠。

《擲鐵餅者》表現的，是運動員正要將鐵餅猛力擲出去的那一瞬間。請注意，雕像前腳五趾緊抓地面，而后腳五趾則抵在地上，目的是保持身體的平衡。當時，每塊鐵餅重約二點五磅，而投擲距離的最遠紀錄，也不過一百英尺。除非你們自己去試一試，否則這一距離似乎也不算太遠呢。如今，鐵餅已經被運動員們擲到了一百五十五英尺遠啦。

《擲鐵餅者》起初是用青銅制作而成的，可那座青銅原作已經不復存在，所以此處所示的這座雕像，是根據一份復制品用大理石制作出來的。它可是世界上所有博物館中為數不多的大理石復制品中的一座呢。青銅原作與大理石復制品之間的差異，除了顏色，就是大理石雕像很重，假如沒有支撐的話，就會破裂。《擲鐵餅者》的大理石復制品上，其中人物一條腿的后面之所以會有一個樣子古怪、像樹干

marble copy of The Discus Thrower has an odd-looking, tree-trunk shape behind one leg-to hold up the weight and keep the statue from toppling over and breaking.

Myron also made a bronze cow that was so natural it is said to have fooled everybody into thinking it was a real cow. But this cow has disappeared and there are not any copies.

Bronze statues were entirely eaten away or melted down over the course of time. Marble statues often were broken but otherwise lasted, and many have been far luckier than Humpty Dumpty because they have been put back together again.

似的東西，原因就在這里：這個東西，就是為了支撐人物的重量，使整座雕像不至于翻倒、打破才加上去的。

米隆還制作過一座青銅母牛雕像。這座雕像非常自然、逼真，據說還騙過了所有人的眼睛，讓大家都以為那是一頭真的母牛呢。不過，這座母牛雕塑如今也不復存在了，并且沒有留下任何復制品。

隨著時間的推移，青銅雕塑要么是被完全腐蝕掉，要么就是毀掉了。可大理石雕塑除非被打碎，否則就能長久保存下去；而許多的大理石雕塑也要比“蛋殼先生”幸運得多，因為后來它們都被人們再次拼合、復原了。