第4章　大理石雕塑

小的時候，我曾經無意中聽到父親與他的一位朋友在談論彈珠的問題。

“您知道，”我的父親說，“希臘人制作出來的彈珠，可是全世界最精致的呢。”

他的朋友則回答道：“是的，希臘人制作出來的彈珠無疑是世界上最精致的。”我很奇怪，這兩個成年人為什么會談論起彈珠來。我也很想知道，那些能夠做出如此精美彈珠的希臘人是誰，要到哪里才能買到這種彈珠，因為當時我自己就有一些非常精美的、好玩的彈珠。直到后來我才明白，他們談論的并不是用于玩耍的彈珠，而是古希臘人用石頭制作出來的雕塑。人們只是將這些雕塑統稱為大理石雕塑，而不是稱之為大理石淺浮雕和大理石雕像。

希臘曾經是地中海地區的一個小國，如今也仍然是這樣。不過，古希臘人和如今的希臘人并不是一回事兒。古希臘人信仰眾多的男神、女神和英雄人物，也有許多關于這些神靈和英雄人物的故事流傳下來。這些故事傳說，被稱為“神話”。古希臘人還按照自己想象中的眾神的樣子和舉止，制作出了許多漂亮的神靈雕像；而自那時以后，世界上就再也沒有人能夠制作出如此漂亮的雕塑作品了。制作雕塑，就是如今的我們沒法比古人干得更好的眾多事情之一。

古埃及人通常是用花崗巖來制作雕像的；花崗巖質地太硬，人們無法極為精細地進行雕刻。古亞述人曾用漢白玉來制作雕塑，可漢白玉的質地又太軟，無法像藝

long as the artist would have liked.The Greeks made theirs of marble and that was just right.One reason they made such beautiful statues was because they had such beautiful marble to make them from.

In Greece there were several places called quarries where the finest marble in the world was found. One was on a mountain called Pentelicus and another was on an island called Paros.There is still plenty of marble from Pentelicus and Paros, but there is no Greek or other person now living who can make it into such sculpture as did these Greeks who lived two thousand years ago.It takes more than good marble to make a good statue.

But the Greeks did not start off making beautiful statues. The first and oldest piece of Greek sculpture we have is of two lions over a stone gateway at a place called Mycenae.These lions have lost their heads.But even with the heads they once had, they could not have been any finer than some of the Assyrian lions cut in alabaster.

One of the next oldest pieces of Greek sculpture looks almost like something a child might have done, but that is to be expected, for it was made

術家所希望的那樣持久保存下去。而古希臘人的大理石雕塑，質地則不軟不硬，剛剛好。他們之所以制作出了如此美觀的雕塑作品，原因之一便在于他們有非常漂亮的大理石來進行雕刻。

在希臘，有幾個地方發現了世界上品質最佳的大理石；這些地方，叫作采石場。其中一個位于一座叫作彭德利康的山上，另一個則位于一座叫作帕羅斯的島嶼上。如今，雖說彭德利康山和帕羅斯島上仍然儲有豐富的大理石，但沒有哪個在世的希臘人或者其他人能夠像兩千年前的古希臘人那樣，用這些大理石雕刻出如此美麗的雕塑作品了。制作出一尊優秀的雕像，需要的可不只是品質優良的大理石啊。

可古希臘人并不是一開始就制作出了漂亮的雕塑作品。我們如今能見到的古希臘第一尊，也是歷史最悠久的雕像，是位于一個叫作邁錫尼的古城石門上的兩頭獅子。這兩頭獅子的腦袋都不在了。不過，就算是安上最初的獅頭，它們也不可能比古亞述人用漢白玉雕刻出來的那些獅子更精美。

下一件最古老的古希臘雕塑，看上去差不多就像是一個小孩子做的東西；不過，這一點是必然的，因為這件雕塑就是古希臘初期制作出來的。它表現的是古希臘人關于珀耳修斯和美杜莎的傳說。

when Greece was a child.It tells the Greek story of Perseus and Medusa.

Medusa was a beautiful girl who dared to compete in beauty with Athena, the goddess of wisdom. To punish her, Athena turned Medusa into a horrible-looking creature with hissing snakes that writhed and twisted about her head.So terrible was Medusa's face that anyone who looked at her was turned into stone.

A young hero named Perseus was dared by an enemy of his to cut off Medusa's horrible head. The goddess Athena, who was a friend of Perseus, led him to Medusa.To get there quickly, Perseus borrowed a pair of winged sandals from the god Hermes.When he came to the place where Medusa lay asleep, he borrowed Athena's shield so he could use the shiny inside as a mirror to see how to cut off her head without looking directly at her-and out sprang a winged horse called Pegasus.

In the sculpture, Perseus is shown cutting off Medusa's head as he looks away. Medusa clasps Pegasus in her arms.Athena, on the other side, looks more like a man than a girl, and although she is facing front, her foot is twisted sideways so it would fall inside the block of stone.

美杜莎本來是一個漂亮的女孩，可她竟然敢去與智慧女神雅典娜比美。為了懲罰她，雅典娜便將美杜莎變成了一種樣子很恐怖的生物，讓她的頭上全都是嘶嘶地吐著信子、交錯盤旋在一起的蛇。美杜莎的臉極其可怕，會讓任何看到她的人都變成石頭呢。

當時，有位叫作珀耳修斯的年輕英雄，他的一個敵人用激將法，激他敢不敢去砍掉美杜莎那顆可怕的腦袋。雅典娜女神是珀耳修斯的朋友，便帶著他去找美杜莎。為了快點兒到達，珀耳修斯便向赫耳墨斯借了一雙長有翅膀的鞋子。他來到美杜莎的老巢后，看到美杜莎躺在那兒睡著了；他借來了雅典娜的盾牌，因為那樣的話，就可以把盾牌那光亮的里側當成一面鏡子，從而不用直視美杜莎，便可以將她的腦袋砍下來了。就在砍掉美杜莎的腦袋之后，卻突然出現了一匹叫作珀加索斯的飛馬！

在這件雕塑作品中，珀耳修斯正在割下美杜莎的腦袋，眼睛卻看著別的地方。美杜莎雙臂中抱著珀加索斯。而在珀耳修斯另一側的雅典娜，看上去卻更像是一名

Medusa’s right leg is longer than the left, for the left leg is very short from the knee up.Are you wondering why her legs are such different lengths?To show her walking, one leg had to be made longer so both could remain on the platform and the statue could stand up.Pegasus is depicted as a tiny toy horse and his hind legs are like those of a kangaroo-much longer than his front legs.

The Lion Gateway and Perseus and Medusa are both in high relief, but later the statue Apollo of Tenea was made in-the-round. Apollo was the Greek Sun god and, along with Adonis, was supposed to be one of the most handsome of all the gods, but this statue of him may not make you think that he is beautiful.Sometimes ideas about beauty change.

The ancient Greeks thought the human body was the most beautiful thing in the world. They tried to make their own bodies beautiful through sports, exercise, and healthful living, and they made statues of their most famous athletes as examples.

Today we often liken athletic-looking people to Apollo. This statue is probably not of

男子，而不是一位姑娘；并且，盡管她是正臉朝前，可她的雙腳卻是扭向兩側的，目的是使她的雙腳不會凸出到整塊石頭外面去。美杜莎的右腿要比左腿長，因為左腿的膝蓋部分以上非常短。你們是不是覺得奇怪，為什么她的雙腿長短會如此不同呢？原因在于，要想雕刻出一尊表現出她走路姿態的雕像，一條腿就必須比另一條腿長才行，因為只有這樣，兩條腿才能處于同一水平，雕像才能站立起來。珀加索斯被雕成了一匹小小的玩具馬，而它的兩條后腿，也像袋鼠腿一樣，比前腿要長得多呢。

石獅城門、珀耳修斯和美杜莎雕像都是高浮雕，但后來的《泰內亞的阿波羅》卻是一尊圓雕。阿波羅是古希臘的太陽神，并且他和阿多尼斯兩人被認為是眾神當中最英俊的美男子；不過他的這尊雕塑，卻可能不會讓你們覺得他有多么英俊呢。有的時候，人們對于美的觀念是會改變的。

古希臘人認為，人體是世界上最美麗的東西。他們竭盡全力，想要通過運動、鍛煉和健康生活，讓自己的身材變得漂亮起來；并且，他們還給那些最著名的運動健將制作雕像，把這些人當成自己學習的榜樣。

如今，我們常常會將那些體型看上去很像是運動健將的人比作阿波羅。這尊雕

Apollo at all, but just the figure of an athlete such as a runner or a jumper.In this sculpture Apollo is not beefy like the Assyrians or skinny like the Egyptians, but his face has a particular expression, the hair is perfectly placed, and the eyes seem to bulge.

Apollo of Tenea is one of the first statues we have that seems to be smiling. Perhaps the man has just won a race.More likely, the smile is there to show liveliness so that the face, like the figure, looks more natural or real.This early, or archaic, sculpture is interesting, but from this point forward the Greek statues are not only interesting but also beautiful in the way we think of beauty nowadays.

像，雕的很可能根本就不是阿波羅，可能只是一個運動員的形象，比如說長跑運動員或者跳高運動員罷了。這尊雕塑中的阿波羅，既不像古亞述人的雕像那樣結實、健壯，也不像古埃及人的雕像那樣干瘦、苗條；可他的臉上，卻有一種特別的神情，頭發雕刻得非常完美，而雙眼則向外凸出。

《泰內亞的阿波羅》是我們目前擁有的，其中的人物似乎是在微笑的第一批雕像之一。或許，這個人物是剛剛贏得了一場比賽呢。而更有可能的則是，這種微笑是為了讓雕像顯得很生動，從而讓面部跟身體一樣，看上去更加自然、逼真。這尊早期的或者“古代的”雕像，雕刻得很有意思；可自此以后，古希臘的雕塑就變得非但有意思，還非常美麗，符合我們如今的審美了。