[13] Russell Newcombe,“The Reduction of Drug-Related Harm:A Conceptual Framework for Theory,Practice and Research”,in P.A.O’Hare et al.eds.,The Reduction of Drug-Related Harm,London and New York:Routledge,1992,p.1.
[14] Russell Newcombe,“The Reduction of Drug-Related Harm:A Conceptual Framework for Theory,Practice and Research”,in P.A.O’Hare et al.eds.,The Reduction of Drug-Related Harm,London and New York:Routledge,1992,p.1.
[15] Reuter Peter H.and MacCoun Robert.J.,“Harm Reduction and Social Policy”,Drug and Alcohol Review,Vol.15,1996.
[18] John Stuart Mill,On Liberty,Auckland:The Floating Press,1909,p.18.
[19] Joel Feinberg,The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law:Harm to Others,New York:Oxford University Press,1984,p.26.
[20] A.P.Simester,Andreas von Hirsch,Crimes,Harms,and Wrongs:On the Principles of Criminalisation,Oxford and Portland,Oregon:Hart Publishing,2014,p.35.
[21] 王曉曉:《“遙遠危害”與預防型犯罪化》,《刑法論叢》2019年第1期。
[22] R.A.Duff and S.E.Marshall,“‘Remote Harms’and the Two Harm Principles”,in A.P.Simester,Antje Du Bois-Pedain eds.,Liberal Criminal Theory,Oxford and Portland,Oregon:Hart Publishing,2014,p.206.
[23] 王曉曉:《“遙遠危害”與預防型犯罪化》,《刑法論叢》2019年第1期。
[24] John Stuart Mill,On Liberty,Auckland:The Floating Press,1909,p.19.
[25] Joel Feinberg,The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law:Harm to Others,New York:Oxford University Press,1984,pp.32-34.
[26] 此指不存在他人介入行為或偶然事件的情形。
[27] R.A.Duff and S.E.Marshall,“‘Remote Harms’and the Two Harm Principles”,in A.P.Simester,Antje Du Bois-Pedain eds.,Liberal Criminal Theory,Oxford and Portland,Oregon:Hart Publishing,2014,pp.208-209.
[28] R.A.Duff and S.E.Marshall,“‘Remote Harms’and the Two Harm Principles”,in A.P.Simester,Antje Du Bois-Pedain eds.,Liberal Criminal Theory,Oxford and Portland,Oregon:Hart Publishing,2014,p.207.
[29] See Goldstein,P.J.,“The Drugs/Violence Nexus:A Tripartite Conceptual Framework”,Journal of Drug Issues,Vol.15,1985.
[35] World Health Organization,The Public Health Dimension of the World Drug Problem:How WHO Works to Prevent Drug Misuse,Reduce Harm and Improve Safe Access to Medicine,February 2019,p.1.
[36] Louisa Degenhardt et al.,“Estimating the Burden of Disease Attributable to Injecting Drug Use as a Risk Factor for HIV,Hepatitis C,and Hepatitis B:Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013”,The Lancet Infectious Diseases,Vol.16,No.12,2016.
[37] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,2019 World Drug Report,Booklet 1:Conclusions and Policy Implications,June 2019,p.19.
[38] Elijah Paintsil et al.,“Survival of Hepatitis C Virus in Syringes:Implication for Transmission among Injection Drug Users”,Journal of Infectious Diseases,Vol.202,No.7,2010.
[39] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,2019 World Drug Report,Booklet 1:Conclusions and Policy Implications,June 2019,p.19.
[40] World Health Organization,Global Hepatitis Report,2017,April 2017,p.33.
[41] Louisa Degenhardt et al.,“Global Prevalence of Injecting Drug Use and Sociodemographic Characteristics and Prevalence of HIV,HBV,and HCV in People Who Inject Drugs:A Multistage Systematic Review”,The Lancet Global Health,Vol.5,No.12,2017.
[43] Richard Pates,Diane Riley,Harm Reduction in Substance Use and High-risk Behaviour:International Policy and Practice,Hoboken:John Wiley & Sons,Incorporated,2012,pp.3-5.
[44] See P.A.O’Hare,“Preface:A Note on the Concept of Harm Reduction”,in P.A.O’Hare et al.eds.,The Reduction of Drug-related Harm,London and New York:Routledge,1992,p.xii.
[45] Richard Pates,Diane Riley,Harm Reduction in Substance Use and High-Risk Behaviour:International Policy and Practice,Hoboken:John Wiley & Sons,Incorporated,2012,pp.11-13.
[46] Neil Mckeganey,“Harm Reduction at the Crossroads and the Rediscovery of Drug User Abstinence”,Drugs:Education,Prevention and Policy,Vol.19,No.4,2012.
[47] Neil Mckeganey,“Harm Reduction at the Crossroads and the Rediscovery of Drug User Abstinence”,Drugs:Education,Prevention and Policy,Vol.19,No.4,2012.
[48] 王曉曉:《中英比較視域下我國毒品犯罪治理模式的調整路徑》,《法治論壇》2019年第1期。
[49] Neil Mckeganey,“Harm Reduction at the Crossroads and the Rediscovery of Drug User Abstinence”,Drugs:Education,Prevention and Policy,Vol.19,No.4,2012.
[50] James Inciardi,Lana Harrison,Lana D.Harrison,Harm Reduction:National and International Perspectives,London:International Educational and Professional Publisher,1999,pp.6-7.
[51] Russell Newcombe,“The Reduction of Drug-Related Harm:A Conceptual Framework for Theory,Practice and Research”,in P.A.O’Hare et al.eds.,The Reduction of Drug-related Harm,London and New York:Routledge,1992,p.1.
[52] 王曉曉:《中英比較視域下我國毒品犯罪治理模式的調整路徑》,《法治論壇》2019年第1期。
[53] Neil Mckeganey,“Harm Reduction at the Crossroads and the Rediscovery of Drug User Abstinence”,Drugs:Education,Prevention and Policy,Vol.19,No.4,2012.
[54] Home Office,Extending Our Reach:A Comprehensive Approach to Tackling Serious Organised Crime,London:Author,July 2009,p.24.
[55] Home Office,Drug Strategy 2010 Reducing Demand,Restricting Supply,Building Recovery:Supporting People to Live A Drug-free Life,December 2010,pp.2-3.
[56] Lorna Gordon,Louise Tinsley,Christine Godfrey,Steve Parrott,“The Economic and Social Costs of Class a Drug Use in England and Wales,2003/04”,in Nicola Singleton,Rosemary Murray,Louise Tinsley eds.,“Measuring Different Aspects of Problem Drug Use:Methodological Developments”,Home Office Online Report,June 16,2006,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/116642/hoor1606.pdf.
[57] Home Office,Drug Strategy 2010 Reducing Demand,Restricting Supply,Building Recovery:Supporting People to Live a Drug-free Life,December 2010,p.4.
[58] Home Office,Drug Strategy 2010 Reducing Demand,Restricting Supply,Building Recovery:Supporting People to Live a Drug-free Life,December 2010,p.4.
[59] See Best,D.,Laudet,A.,“The Potential of Recovery Capital”,RSA Projects,Vol.1-6,2010.
[60] Hannah Mills,Sara Skodbo,Peter Blyth,“Understanding the Organised Crime:Estimating the Scale and the Social and Economic Costs”,Home Office Research Report,Vol.73,2013.
[61] Helen Brayley,Eleanor Cockbain,Gloria Laycock,“The Value of Crime Scripting:Deconstructing Internal Child Sex Trafficking,Policing”,Vol.5,2011,https://academic.oup.com/policing/article/5/2/132/1518450.
[62] Hannah Mills,Sara Skodbo,Peter Blyth,“Understanding the Organised Crime:Estimating the Scale and the Social and Economic Costs”,Home Office Research Report,Vol.73,2013.
[63] Department for Education,Child Sexual Exploitation:Definition and a Guide for Practitioners,Local Leaders and Decision Makers Working to Protect Children from Child Sexual Exploitation,February 2017,p.6.
[64] Ministry of Justice,Prison Safety and Reform,London:Ministry of Justice,November 2016,p.45.
[65] Home Office,2017 Drug Strategy,July 2017,p.6.
[66] See Neil Mckeganey,“Harm Reduction at the Crossroads and the Rediscovery of Drug User Abstinence”,Drugs:Education,Prevention and Policy,Vol.19,No.4,2012.
[67] See Neil Mckeganey,“Harm Reduction at the Crossroads and the Rediscovery of Drug User Abstinence”,Drugs:Education,Prevention and Policy,Vol.19,No.4,2012.
[68] Chris Ford,David Nutt,Niamh Eastwood etc.,“New UK Drug Strategy:Is the UK’s 2017 Drug Strategy Fit for Purpose?”,https://idhdp.com/media/531860/bmjj4405full.pdf.
[69] Russell Newcombe,“The Reduction of Drug-related Harm:A Conceptual Framework for Theory,Practice and Research”,in P.A.O’Hare et al.edit,The Reduction of Drug-related Harm,London and New York:Routledge,1992,p.1.