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第三節 簡要評述

一 對積極老齡化與參與之間的關系研究不足

關于積極老齡化的研究,諸多研究和觀點是在WHO所提出的政策框架基礎上進行詮釋和深化,其所依據的理論和實踐基礎對于不同發展程度、不同社會文化背景的國家和地區具有同質性。研究揭示了實施積極老齡化戰略能夠更好地面對老齡化帶給我們的機遇和挑戰這一普適性的價值。

健康、參與和保障是積極老齡化政策框架的三要素,其中參與是核心,這也是相關研究所形成的共識。但是,學術界對于“參與”在積極老齡化戰略中的核心地位和價值是通過何種機制體現出來的這一關鍵問題卻沒有給予應有的關注,沒有形成充分的、有說服力的理論成果。如果積極老齡化與參與之間的關系僅停留在“參與是核心”,或認為是不言自明的事實,這對積極老齡化的實踐就難以形成有效的實踐工作機制和政策支持體系。

二 缺乏對老年人參與志愿者活動文化特征的分析

老年人參與志愿者活動問題在美歐等發達國家已經形成了一個專門的研究領域,對老年人參與志愿者活動的動機、價值效應、影響因素等方面的問題研究較為深入,產生了許多成熟的研究成果。但是,通過文獻回顧發現,這一研究領域尚缺乏不同國家和地區的對比研究,因而無法呈現不同文化背景下的老年志愿者參與的特征和機制。老年人的社會參與與其說是一種行為,不如說是一種文化。老年人參與志愿者活動無法脫離既定的政治、經濟和文化環境以及在文化傳統影響下的參與形式、程度和對參與的認同感等現實問題。

尤其在中國,對老年人社會參與問題的研究還很薄弱,老年人參與志愿者活動還沒有成為老年學研究的重點領域,研究成果寥寥。因此,對于其他國家的相關研究結論就必然存在在中國文化背景下的對比、檢驗等問題。在積極老齡化的理念下,老年人參與志愿者活動,除其所體現出的意義具有普適性外,參與動機、影響因素等都與特定社會的文化傳統、社會發育程度等密切相關。基于此,本研究將在已有研究基礎之上,立足中國國情,深度探討中國老年人參與志愿者活動的相關問題。

三 沒有形成一個解決問題的基本思路

老年人參與志愿者活動表現出明顯的價值效應,這不僅有利于老年人個人健康狀況的改善,也產生了積極的社會效益。但是研究也顯示,由于受到來自老年人自身以及社會等諸多因素的影響和制約,在志愿者活動上,老年人還沒有形成廣泛而有效的參與格局。因此,創造良好的外部環境,推動老年志愿者活動廣泛而有效的參與格局的形成應該是相關研究不可回避的關鍵點,但是,中國這方面的研究卻相當薄弱,而國外關于老年志愿者的研究較多,但是不涉及政策建議也是其一貫的研究風格。因此,從已有研究成果來看,沒有形成一個解決問題的基本思路,而這恰恰是中國推動老年志愿者活動廣泛開展迫切需要解決的問題。


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