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六 結(jié)論

“一帶一路”倡議不僅僅是中國發(fā)展自身經(jīng)濟的一種方式,也是中國作為世界大國之一獲得更多尊重的一種方式。正因如此,中國需要確保自己的影響力在全球眾多地區(qū),尤其是在參與“一帶一路”建設(shè)的國家中得到體現(xiàn)。在2017年5月的“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇開幕式上,中國國家主席習(xí)近平強調(diào),“一帶一路”不是中國干涉他國內(nèi)政的工具。事實上,“一帶一路”以互惠互利為目標。中國需要確保這些不只是空口白話。中國需要贏得這些國家政府和民眾的信任,還必須了解當?shù)氐睦嫘枨螅⒃诒匾獣r毫不猶豫地調(diào)整其戰(zhàn)略。

印尼必須在堅持國家利益和維護主權(quán)與領(lǐng)土完整的基礎(chǔ)上推進其發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。在國與國之間相互依賴程度日益加深的今天,印尼將從包括中國在內(nèi)的許多發(fā)展伙伴那里尋求利益。在印尼政府宣布基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目將成為國家發(fā)展計劃的基石之一后,中國通過“一帶一路”倡議所提供的資助便更富吸引力。然而,印尼需要在追求美好愿望和謹慎處理與中國的關(guān)系之間不斷調(diào)整,這樣雙方才能從“一帶一路”中獲得共同利益。

本文開頭的中國諺語,其字面意思是任何一個政府的首要任務(wù)就是為人民謀福祉幫助人民致富。政府可以制定和實施政策,并提供“先修路”等必要的工具來實現(xiàn)這一目標。互利共贏對于堅持施行“一帶一路”倡議而言非常重要,中國和有關(guān)國家必須在多邊主義和伙伴關(guān)系原則的指導(dǎo)下開展合作。這兩個原則對中國和“一帶一路”參與國之間維系健康的雙邊關(guān)系,特別是中國與印尼關(guān)系來說至關(guān)重要。多邊主義和伙伴關(guān)系應(yīng)該建立在相互信任和尊重的基礎(chǔ)上,這樣“一帶一路”倡議才能得到優(yōu)化,其沿線國家的人民才能享受到它所帶來的好處。

The Belt and Road Initiative and China-ASEAN Relations:An Indonesian Perspective

Nur Rachmat Yuliantoro

Abstract Since its introduction in 2013,the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has been one central issue that defines China’s relations with the world.Many countries have welcomed the BRI,including Indonesia,the largest country in Southeast Asia.The impact of the BRI in the region depends on the state of Sino-Indonesia relations to a significant degree.This three-part article was a brief analysis of the extent to which Indonesia viewed the BRI in the context of bilateral relations with China and how the BRI could help Indonesia manage development for its people.The first part,a SWOT descriptive analysis,demonstrated the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats that Indonesia had in the context of the BRI.Included here was how Indonesians viewed the BRI as well as indications of a possible alignment of the BRI with Indonesia’s development strategy.The second part highlighted the relationship between the BRI and the efforts to develop ASEAN Community,followed by the third part that tried to see the impact of the BRI on a much more complex relationship between China and ASEAN countries,especially Indonesia.The article concluded that multilateralism and partnership were keys to healthy relations between China and the BRI countries.

Key Words China;Indonesia;Belt and Road Initiative

Author Nur Rachmat Yuliantoro,Dept.Head of Department of International Relations,Universitas Gadjah Mada.


[1] 陳艷陽,廣西大學(xué)中國—東盟研究院緬甸研究所,研究助理。

[2] Bruno Jetin,“‘One Belt-One Road Initiative’ and ASEAN Connectivity:Synergy Issues and Potentialities”,in B.R.Deepak ed.,China’s Global Rebalancing and the New Silk Road,Singapore:Springer,2018,p.146.

[3] Silk Road Associates,“Belt & Road:Opportunity & Risk”,Baker McKenzie,October,2017,https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2017/10/belt-road/ baker_mckenzie_belt_road_report_2017.pdf?la=en,登錄時間:2018年 3 月28日。

[4] Simon Saragih,“Tawaran Besar dari China”,Kompas,May 14,2017,p.3.

[5] William A Callahan,“China’s ‘Asia Dream’:The Belt Road Initiative and the New Regional Order”,Asian Journal of Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.3,2016,pp.226-243,https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891116647806,登錄時間:2018年2月10日。關(guān)于“一帶一路”在地緣政治與經(jīng)濟方面的論述,可參見Peter Cai,“Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative”,Lowy Institute for International Policy,March 22,2017,https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative,登錄時間:2018年3月15日。

[6] Siwage D.Negara,“The Importance of One Belt One Road for Indonesia”,The Jakarta Post,May 29,2017,http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/05/29/theimportance-of-one-belt-one-road-for-indonesia.html,登錄時間:2018年 3 月28日。

[7] Siwage D.Negara,“The Importance of One Belt One Road for Indonesia”,The Jakarta Post,May 29,2017,http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/05/29/theimportance-of-one-belt-one-road-for-indonesia.html,登錄時間:2018年 3 月28日。

[8] Karlis Salna,“Indonesia Seeks to Plug $157 Billion Gap in Nation-Building Plan”,The Jakarta Post,January 26,2018,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/01/26/indonesiaseeks-to-plug-157-billion-gap-in-nation-building-plan.html,登錄時間:2018年2月18日。同時參見The Economist Intelligence Unit,One Belt,One Road:An Economic Roadmap,March 2016,p.79.

[9] Vincent Lingga,“Belt and Road Summit to Focus on ASEAN Infrastructure Opportunities”,The Jakarta Post,April 22,2016,http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/04/22/belt-and-road-summit-to-focus-on-asean-infrastructure-opportunities.html,登錄時間:2018年3月28日。

[10] Karlis Salna,“Indonesia Seeks to Plug $157 Billion Gap in Nation-Building Plan”.

[11] Liza Yosephine,“Indonesia Calls for Concrete Projects for OBOR”,The Jakarta Post,May 18,2017,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/18/indonesia-calls-for-concrete-projects-for-obor.html,登錄時間:2018年2月18日。

[12] The Economist Intelligence Unit,One Belt,One Road:An Economic Roadmap,pp.76-77.

[13] Benny Koestanto,“Beijing Bela Prakarsa Sabuk Dan Jalan”,Kompas,August 29,2018,p.8.

[14] Tommy Soesmanto and Yenny Tjoe,“Indonesia’s Government Debt ahead of 2019 Presidential Election:A Real Economic Concern?” The Conversation,June 28,2018,http://theconversation.com/indonesias-government-debt-ahead-of-2019-presidential-election-a-real-economic-concern-97708,登錄時間:2018年6月28日。

[15] Vincent Lingga,“Belt and Road Summit to Focus on ASEAN Infrastructure Opportunities”.

[16] Vincent Lingga,“Commentary:Time of Reckoning on Pace of Belt and Road Initiative”,The Jakarta Post,July 3,2018,http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/07/03/commentary-time-of-reckoning-on-pace-of-belt-and-road-initiative.html,登錄時間:2018年7月5日。

[17] Siwage D.Negara,“The Importance of One Belt One Road for Indonesia”.中國工人問題已成為印尼社交媒體上最受熱議的話題之一。印尼社交媒體報道稱,印尼有1000萬至2000萬中國工人,但印尼人力資源部對此表示否認。印尼工業(yè)部表示:“在印尼的中國工人只有2.1萬人左右且主要從事中國建筑項目的工作。”

[18] Arifi Saiman,“Regulating Chinese Workers under Belt and Road”,The Jakarta Post,August 20,2018,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/08/20/regulating-chinese-workers-under-belt-and-road.html,登錄時間:2018年8月20日。

[19] Ignatius W.Wibisono,“ASEAN-China Relations:Indonesia’s Perspective”,in Lai Hongyi and Lim Tin Seng eds. Harmony and Development:ASEAN-China Relations,Singapore:World Scientific,2007,pp.78-86.

[20] Jusuf Wanandi,“Insight:Belt and Road Initiative:Seizing New Opportunities”,The Jakarta Post,May 13,2017,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/13/insight-belt-and-road-initiative-seizing-new-opportunities.html,登錄時間:2018年2月18日。

[21] “On ‘Belt and Road’,Indonesians Not as Supportive as Beijing Hopes”,The Jakarta Globe,June 17,2015,http://jakartaglobe.id/news/belt-road-indonesians-not-supportive-beijing-hopes/,登錄時間:2018年3月28日。

[22] Dwiki Kurniawan and Irfa Puspitasari,“Hedging Maritim Indonesia Di Tengah Persaingan Strategis India-China”,Indonesian Perspective,Vol.2,No.2,2017,pp.94-95.

[23] Elisa Valenta,“Measuring Risks on China’s Belt and Road Initiative for Indonesia”,The Insider Stories,April 12,2018,https://theinsiderstories.com/measuring-risks-on-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-for-indonesia/,登錄時間:2018年4月15日。自中國擊敗日本,成為雅萬高鐵項目的主要出資國和承包商以來,雅萬高鐵項目便一直存在爭議。該項目被視為“‘缺乏明確的社會經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境可行性的標志性項目’。為了從中國獲得更多的資金或投資,印尼可能不得不接受這類項目”。(Negara,“The Importance of One Belt One Road for Indonesia”)

[24] “Indonesia,China Sign $23.3b in Contracts”,The Jakarta Post,April 14,2018,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/04/14/indonesia-china-sign-23-3b-in-contracts.html,登錄時間:2018年4月15日。

[25] “Domestic and Foreign Direct Investment Realization-Quarter II and January-June 2018”,Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal(BKPM)RI,August 14,2018,https://www.bkpm.go.id/images/uploads/ file_siaran_pers/ Paparan_Bahasa_Inggris_Final.pdf,登錄時間:2018年8月15日。同時參見 Rachmadea Aisyah,“Chinese Investments Trending in Indonesia”,The Jakarta Post,May 2,2018,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/05/ 02/chinese-investments-trending-in-indonesia.html,登錄時間:2018年5月2日。

[26] Jusuf Wanandi Wanandi,“Insight:Belt and Road Initiative:Seizing New Opportunities”.

[27] David Li and Fajar Ramadhan,“Indonesia Poised to Benefit as China’s Belt and Road Turns Green”,The Jakarta Post,June 22,2018,http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/06/22/indonesia-poised-to-benefit-as-chinas-belt-and-road-turns-green.html,登錄時間:2018年6月22日。

[28] Fedina Suryandani,“Indonesia Plays it Cool in Competition for China’s OBOR Money”,The Jakarta Post,May 12,2017,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/12/indonesia-plays-it-cool-in-competition-for-chinas-obor-money.html,登錄時間:2018年1月7日。

[29] Fedina Suryandani,“Indonesia Plays it Cool in Competition for China’s OBOR Money”.

[30] Xu Bu,“When the OBOR Initiative Meets ASEAN Vision 2025”,The Jakarta Post,May 12,2017,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/12/when-obor-initiative-meets-asean-vision-2025.html,登錄時間:2018年4月20日。

[31] Kaewkamol Pitakdumrongkit,“China’s Maritime Silk Road:Challenging Test for ASEAN”,RSIS Commentary 030,F(xiàn)ebruary 23,2018,https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CO18030.pdf,登錄時間:2018年2月23日。

[32] 原句為:“sering kali dianggap sebagai sumber keretakan dalam menjaga sentralitas ASEAN dan keutuhannya sebagai organisasi regional.” René Pattiradjawane,“Multilateralisasi Sabuk dan Jalan”,Kompas,May 15,2017,p.8.

[33] 李克強提出中國—東盟未來十年合作框架的七點建議:積極探討簽署中國—東盟國家睦鄰友好合作條約,加強安全領(lǐng)域交流與合作,啟動中國—東盟自貿(mào)區(qū)升級版談判,加快互聯(lián)互通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),通過中國—東盟銀聯(lián)體加強本地區(qū)金融合作,穩(wěn)步推進海上合作,密切人文、科技、環(huán)保等交流。參見Chaobing Qiu,“China-ASEAN Relations:Consensus on Principles,Differences on Specifics”,Asia Pacific Bulletin 238,October 31,2013,http://ias.cssn.cn/webpic/web/ias/PDF_FILE/201311473338.pdf,登錄時間:2018年 3月28日。

[34] Wang Yan,“China’s Rise and Partnership with ASEAN”,In Lai Hongyi and Lim Tin Seng eds.,Harmony and Development:ASEAN-China Relations,Singapore:World Scientific,2007,p.89.

[35] Xu Bu,“Maritime Silk Road Can Bridge China-ASEAN Cooperation”,The Jakarta Post,August 5,2015,http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/05/maritime-silk-road-can-bridge-china-asean-cooperation.html,登錄時間:2018年1月20日。

[36] Jusuf Wanandi,“ASEAN-China Relations after 25 Years”,CSIS Blog,October 19,2016,https://www.csis.or.id/blog/article/page/asean-china_relations_after_25_years.html,登錄時間:2018年5月20日。

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