1.2.5　表面改性

（1）表面化學改性　表面化學改性是指通過反應劑與材料表面發生化學反應，使材料表面在化學結構上發生改變，從而達到提高材料某些性能的目的。橡膠表面化學改性時所發生的化學反應很復雜，涉及取代、置換和環化反應等。改性手段主要有表面鹵化、表面磺化、表面氧化、共價功能化等。

（2）表面物理改性　表面物理改性是通過各種物理技術對橡膠表面進行改性的一種方法。用于橡膠表面改性的物理技術包括火焰處理、電暈處理、冷等離子與熱等離子處理、紫外線處理、激光處理、X射線與γ射線處理、電子束處理、離子束處理、金屬化以及噴涂處理等。

（3）表面涂層　表面涂層是指在不改變橡膠表面性質的基礎上，在其上覆蓋一層具有特殊功能的物質。形成這些涂層的方法多種多樣，有加熱沉積法、配成涂料涂覆法、溶液浸涂法、靜電噴涂法和媒介法等。

（4）等離子技術　等離子體是由高能離子（電子、正負離子、中性粒子）和紫外線組成的。利用等離子體進行橡膠表面改性的方法通常分成等離子體處理、等離子體聚合和等離子體接枝聚合。

等離子體材料表面改性可以使材料表面產生一系列物理與化學變化，或產生刻蝕而粗糙，或形成致密的交聯層，或引入含氧極性基團，使親水性、黏結性、可染性、生物相容性及電性能分別得到改善，而材料基體性能幾乎不受影響。

材料大多是通過表面與環境相互作用的。在實際應用中，橡膠的表面性能涉及生物相容性、黏合性、耐磨性和耐老化性等諸多性能，若想更好地發揮橡膠的表面性能，除了需要對橡膠表面化學特性、表面能、潤濕性、界面相互作用等問題進行研究外，還需要從橡膠表面分子的微觀結構入手，不斷探索新的改性手段，從而達到適應不同環境的目的。

今后橡膠改性的發展趨勢主要是綜合利用多種改性技術，使改性品種向系列化和高性能化發展，改性工藝趨向于高效、節能、環保與低成本。橡膠改性技術仍將是技術開發的熱點之一，更是開發具有嶄新性能新型材料的重要途徑。

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