第2章　書寫文字的發展歷程

2.1　復習筆記

對于語言的書寫方式是怎么產生和形成的這個問題，可以找到不少歷史遺跡和資料作為回答的依據。當今的世界上存在許多具有書寫體系的語言，它們的書寫方式各不相同，但是，如果究其起源，似乎都可以追溯到人類的祖先為了傳遞信息或保留信息在洞穴的石壁上刻畫出來的、模仿實物的簡單的圖形。

本章要點：

The development of writing

書寫文字的發展歷程

本章考點：

書寫文字的起源，發展歷程；象形文字和表意文字的異同；語標書寫法是最具代表性的使用者以及它的優缺點；音節書寫法和字母書寫法的特點；英語的書寫和發音存在差異的原因。

本章內容索引：

I. Pictograms and ideograms

1．Pictogram (pictographic writing)

2．Ideogram (ideographic writing)

3．The distinction between pictogram and ideogram

II. Logograms

1．Logogram (logographic writing)

2．Two examples

3．Advantages and disadvantages

III. Rebus writing

IV. Syllabic writing

V. Alphabetic writing

1．The definition of alphabetic writing

2．Consonantal alphabet

VI. Written English

I. Pictograms and ideograms（象形文字和表意文字）

【考點】象形文字和表意文字的定義及異同

1．Pictogram (pictographic writing) 象形文字（圖畫文字）

When some of the pictures came to represent particular images in a consistent way, we can begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing, or pictograms.

It is a way of writing in which a picture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object.

為了傳遞信息或保留信息刻畫出來的、模仿實物的簡單的圖形就是象形文字。

它是一種用圖畫來表示物體的文字。

2．Ideogram (ideographic writing)（表意文字）

The picture developed as more abstract and used other than its entity is considered to be part of a system of idea-writing, or ideogram.

It is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a concept.

圖畫變得更加抽象，并取代實物，并成為表意文字的一部分。

它是一種用象征性書寫符號代表一個概念的書寫方式。

3．The distinction between pictogram and ideogram（象形文字和表意文字的區別）

The distinction between pictograms and ideograms is a difference in the relationship between the symbol and the entity it represents. The more ‘picture-like’ forms are pictograms, the more abstract, derived forms are ideograms.

它們的區別在于符號和其所指實物之間關系的差異。象形文字更傾向于圖畫式的形式，而表意文字更多的是抽象關系。

II. Logograms（語標書寫法）

【考點】語標書寫法的定義及其優缺點

1．Logogram (logographic writing) 語標書寫法（語標文字）

It is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a word.

The relationship between the written form and the object it represents has become arbitrary.

語標書寫法指的是每個符號代表一個單詞的書寫方式。

書寫形式和其所指實物之間的關系是任意的。

2．Examples（例子）

①Cuneiform: a way of writing created by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into soft clay.

②Characters: forms used in Chinese writing.

①楔形文字：一種書寫方式，通過按壓楔形工具在軟泥板上書寫。

②漢字：漢語書寫形式。

3．Advantages and disadvantages（優勢與劣勢）

①Advantages: Two different dialects can be based on the same writing system.

②Disadvantages: There is vast number of different written forms.

①優勢:兩種不同的方言可以基于相同的書寫系統。

②劣勢:存在大量不同的書寫形式。

III. Rebus writing（謎畫寫字）

【考點】謎畫寫字的定義

It evolves a process whereby the symbol used for an entity comes to be used for the sound of the spoken word used for that entity.

It is a way of writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word for that object.

畫謎指的是使用代表某一物體的符號來表示這一物體在該語言中的名稱。

用圖畫用來表示代表物體的單詞。它的謎面就是一幅圖畫。

IV. Syllabic writing（音節書寫法）

【考點】音節書寫法的定義

When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represent the pronunciations of syllables, it is described as syllabic writing.

音節書寫法指的是使用一套特定的符號來表示一套特定的音節發音。

V. Alphabetic writing（字母書寫法）

【考點】字母書寫法的定義

1．The definition of alphabetic writing（字母書寫法定義）

It is a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segment.

每個符號代表一個單獨的發音的書寫方法。

2．Consonantal alphabet（輔音音素文字）

It is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a consonant sound.

輔音因素文字是一種文字書寫系統，其中每一個符號都代表一個輔音。

VI. Written English（英語的書寫）

The reason behind frequent mismatch between the forms of written English and the sounds of spoken English must be sought in a number of historical influences on the form of written English.

影響英語書寫發展的眾多歷史因素導致英語的書寫形式和口語形式常常不能匹配。