第4章　動物與人類語言

4.1　復習筆記

本章用若干實例繼續介紹動物交際系統和人類語言的根本區別。實際上，有實驗表明，動物不具備學習語言的能力。

本章要點：

The differences between animal language and human language, using chimpanzees’ learning language as the example

動物與人類語言的根本區別，用猩猩學習語言來舉例。

本章考點：

了解人類語言乃至交際系統和動物語言和交際系統存在較大差異。

本章內容索引：

I. Animals and human language

II. Chimpanzees and language

1．Gua

2．Viki

3．Washoe

4．Sarah and Lana

5．Nim Chimpsky

6．Hans, Buzz and Doris

7．The controversy

8．Sherman, Austin and Kanzi

9．The barest rudiments

I. Animals and human language（動物和人類語言）

The animal produces a particular behavior in response to a particular sound stimulus, but does not actually “understand” the meaning of the words uttered.

動物可以做出特定的行為來應對特別的聲音刺激，但是卻不能真正“理解”所聽到的話語信息。

II. Chimpanzees and language（猩猩和語言）

Non-human primates do not have a physically structured vocal tract which is suitable for producing human speech sounds.

非人靈長類動物生理上不具備適合發出人類語音的結構性聲道。

1．Gua

①In the 1930 s，two scientists (Luella and Winthrop Kellogg) raised an infant chimpanzee (Gua) together with their infant son.

②Gua was able to understand about 100 words, but did not “say” any of them.

①20世紀30年代，兩位科學家（盧埃拉和溫思羅普·凱洛格）將一只小黑猩猩和他們的孩子放在一起撫養。

②Gua能理解約一百個詞，但是一個也“說”不出。

2．Viki

①In the 1940 s, Catherine and Keith Hayes attempted to get Viki to “say” English words by trying to shape her mouth as she produced sounds.

②Viki eventually managed to produce some “words”, rather poorly articulated versions of mama, papa and cup.

①20世紀40年代，凱瑟琳和基思·海斯訓練一只名叫Viki的黑猩猩發音的嘴型。

②最終Viki勉強發出幾個“詞”，但發音仍不清晰。

3．Washoe

①Beatrix and Allen Gardner set out to teach a female chimpanzee called Washoe to use a version of American Sign Language.

②In a period of three and a half years, Washoe came to use signs for more than a hundred words and can combine them to produce “sentences”.

①貝婭特麗克絲和加德納試圖教一只母黑猩猩Washoe美國手勢語。

②Washoe在三年半內學會了運用百余個詞的手勢，并能夠將詞匯組成“句子”。

4．Sarah and Lana

①Ann and David Premack used a set of plastic shapes taught Sarah for the purposes of communicating with humans.

②Duane Rumbaugh used artificial language Yerkish to train a chimpanzee called Lana.

③Both Sarah and Lana demonstrated an ability to use what looks like word symbols and basic structures.

Skepticism: They didn’t actually understand the meaning of the words they use.

①安和大衛·普瑞馬克使用一套塑料模型教Sarah與人類交流。

②杜安·藍保使用人造語言耶基斯語來訓練一只名叫Lana的黑猩猩。

③Sarah和Lana都表現出使用類似單詞和基本結構的能力。

質疑：它們并非真正理解它們所使用單詞的意思。

5．Nim Chimpsky

①Nim was taught American Sign Language under controlled conditions, with careful records and videotaping of his classroom activities.

②Nim and Washoe simply produced promoted repetitions of their teachers’ signs as if they were taking part in “conversations”.

①他們在受控條件下教Nim北美手勢語，并錄下了他的課堂活動表現。

②Nim and Washoe只是在改進并重復老師的手勢，看起來像是在進行“對話”。

6．Hans, Buzz and Doris

①Clever Hans’s using hoofbeats to answer arithmetical questions was actually responding to subtle visual cues provided by those asking him questions.

②Doris’s behavior consisted of conditioned responses to the different light signals and Buzz’s behavior was conditioned to responding to Doris’s calls.

①聰明的Hans對于提問的人提供的細微的細節線索做出的反應，通過馬蹄聲來回答算數問題。

②Doris的行為是對于不同的光信號作出的條件反射，而Buzz的行為是對于Doris叫聲的條件反射。

7．The controversy（爭論）

①The chimpanzees’ behavior is a type of conditioned response to cues provided (often unwittingly) by human trainers (psychologist Herbert Terrace).

②The need for domestic environment and taking part in “conversation” is important (the Gardners: any possible provision of cues by humans eliminated).

①這些猩猩的行為這是一種對于訓練者（心理學家赫伯特·特勒斯）誘因的條件反射。

②重要的是內部環境和參與“對話”（加納德夫婦：消除任何形式的誘因）。

8．Sherman, Austin and Kanzi

①Sherman and Austin became the first to communicate with each other using a version of the printed symbols of Yerkish (developed initially for Lana).

②Matata’s adopted baby, Kanzi, learned not by being taught, but by being exposed to, and observing, a kind of language in use at a very early age.

①Sherman和Austin能夠使用印刷版的耶基斯語（起初是為Lana設計的）互相交流。

②Matata收養的孩子Kanzi是通過小時候接觸并觀察語言的使用而學會了一門語言，它并不是被教會的。

9．The barest rudiments（關于基礎知識）

①There is no totally objective and non-controversial definition of what counts as “using language” and the criteria we use in each case don’t seem to be the same.

②Chimpanzees have the capacity to cope with “the barest rudiments of language”.

①對于“語言的使用”沒有一個完全客觀、毫無爭議的定義，而且在每個案例中使用的標準都不一致。

②猩猩有能力學習“語言的基礎知識”。