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[1]本文首發于Monthly Review,2016年第67卷第11期,第21~38頁。

[2]賈米爾·喬納,美國伊利諾伊大學厄巴納—香檳分校(University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign)社會學系助理研究員、《每月評論》(Monthly Review)編輯,曾在《勞工研究》(Labor Studies Journal)、《組織與環境》(Organization and Environment)等期刊上發表學術論文多篇。約翰·福斯特,美國俄勒岡大學(University of Oregon)社會學系教授。他的研究興趣聚焦于資本主義政治經濟與危機、生態危機、馬克思主義理論,代表作有《赤裸的帝國主義》(Naked Imperialism,2006)、《脆弱的星球:環境經濟簡史》(The Vulnerable Planet:A Short Economic History of the Environment,1999)、《壟斷資本主義理論》(The Theory of Monopoly Capitalism,1986)等,曾在《美國社會學期刊》(American Journal of Sociology)、《每月評論》、《組織與環境》等期刊上發表學術論文多篇。蘇熠慧,上海財經大學人文學院副教授。姚建華,復旦大學新聞學院副教授。

[3]恩格斯最早在他1843年《政治經濟學批判大綱》(Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy)中引入了勞動后備軍的視角,雖然當時這個概念還未得到充分發展(Marx and Engels,1975)。

[4]許多著名的女性主義理論家的論著也將“不穩定的無產者”、“不穩定性”、“不穩定”與“無產階級”剝離,并以“無產階級”對立面的方式呈現出來。女性主義理論家朱迪斯 巴特勒(Judith Butler)使用“不穩定的無產者”來指涉“一群人,他們不僅被認為是被剝削的工人,他們的勞動力也被認為是可有可無的”(Butler,2013)。巴特勒的這個定義與馬克思產業后備軍緊密相關,它將“不穩定的無產者”從那些擁有更多安全感經驗的勞動力,即無產階級中剝離,與馬克思將無產階級視為工人階級整體截然不同。此外,巴特勒(不正確地)暗指馬克思的無產階級可以被看作是一個狹隘的經濟術語。因此她試圖通過將“不穩定的無產者”界定為那些“被戰爭視為目標或居住在被發展毀滅了的地區中的人們”,從而將“不穩定的無產者”與“無產階級”區別開來(Butler,2013)。巴特勒還將馬克思和恩格斯所認同的無產階級的一般非人類境遇歸因于無產階級自身。通過把“不穩定性”從勞動和無產階級中割離出來,巴特勒將“不穩定性”描述為適用于極為迥異的社會境遇的“具象生活的一般特征”,是不穩定的“具體”狀況的放大(Butler,2013)。

[5]馬克思有關“制造業”的分析對人類勞動、手工生產仍然具有其獨創的意涵。“機器制造業”這個詞被用來描述現代工業(和今天使用制造業這個詞的方式相一致)。當馬克思提及“現代制造業”的時候,他指的是現代手工業的生產,區別于傳統手工業和現代工業。在他有關非法(非正式)工作和工廠外工作的分析中,馬克思進一步區分了現代制造業和現代家庭勞動(對于后者,其現代的意涵不能和傳統家庭勞動相混淆)。然而在操作上,現代制造業和現代家庭勞動緊密相連。馬克思學說中最與眾不同的是,盡管現實中只有女性工作在狹小的工作場所(尤其是那些小雇主的家中),如制衣或制帽業明確符合現代家庭工業生產的特征,但是實際上,馬克思似乎通常以現代家庭勞動的名義將二者合并。

[6]中國和亞洲其他一些國家和地區是例外。在那里,由于世界經濟全球化下的快速積累,以及大量潛在(農村工人)的勞動后備軍卷入生產,工人的工資在增長。

[7]有關新國際主義的問題,參見《社會控制需要》(The Necessity of Social Control)(Mészáros,2015)。

[8]這些數據來源于給定國家近年數據的綜合和整理。

[9]對于馬克思來說,工人階級運動的目標不是無產階級的普遍化,而是“最終的解放——完全廢除工資體系”(Marx,1976/1865:62)。

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