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Day Three A類小作文(三)

流程圖

在所有的雅思圖表作文中,流程圖(process diagram)可以說是最令人“不寒而栗”的一種題型。它與地圖(sketch map)、對比示意圖(profile drawing)和組合圖(combination)并稱為“四大復(fù)雜圖表”。雖然這些圖表題目的出現(xiàn)頻率很低,但只要它們一現(xiàn)身,就立刻成為雅思考場的“殺手”。流程圖的確是一種較為棘手的圖表題,它的難寫之處體現(xiàn)在以下四個方面。

·難點一:看不明白圖表到底在說什么,被紛繁復(fù)雜的各種方框和箭頭搞得完全沒有方向。

·難點二:分不清整個流程中究竟有幾步,經(jīng)常發(fā)生“抓住芝麻,漏掉西瓜”的現(xiàn)象。

·難點三:搞不明白步驟之間的關(guān)系,也無法判斷一個大步驟中是否包含若干小步驟。

·難點四:失去了以往在簡單圖表中對“上升”“下降”等明顯趨勢的依賴,導(dǎo)致考生無法組織句子,甚至根本無從下筆。

下面我們就來看一個真實的例子,這是劍橋真題的一道流程圖:

題目原文是這樣的:The diagram below shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts.根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容,這是澳大利亞氣象局收集最新天氣信息,并做出可靠預(yù)報的一個過程。有了這樣的理解,再加上圖中箭頭的指示方向都是從左到右的,我們可以基本斷定整個流程圖也應(yīng)該由左往右進行推移,難點一就這樣解決了。

接著,我們注意到圖中有一些特別醒目的粗體、大寫的文字,出現(xiàn)在圖的最上方:INCOMING INFORMATION, ANALYSIS&FORECASTING, PREPARING THE BROAD-CAST, BROADCAST,顯然它們的重要性要遠(yuǎn)高于其他文字,故可以判斷這些就是該流程的四大步驟,難點二也迎刃而解。然后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在第一個大步驟中,其實有三個小步驟:satellite, radar, drifting buoy,并形成并列關(guān)系。同樣在第二個大步驟里面,也有三個類似的小步驟:satellite photo, radar screen, synoptic chart,但如果仔細(xì)看其中貫穿的箭頭我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),前面兩個小步驟都是一一對應(yīng)的,即satellite→satellite photo, radar→radar screen;唯獨最后一個小步驟由三條箭頭同時貫穿,這意味著必須要有satellite, radar, drifting buoy三種信息的綜合,才能產(chǎn)生synoptic chart,這是該流程圖中的一個奧妙之處,理解了以后也就順利地解決了第三個難點。

至于最后一個難點,最關(guān)鍵的地方就是你的語言運用能力,特別是你在沒有任何“上升”“下降”等參照物的基礎(chǔ)上,如何加入一系列恰當(dāng)?shù)膭釉~來進行語言的組織和句子的構(gòu)造。請看下面幾個范例:

【原創(chuàng)范例】

Incoming information is collected through three different channels:satellite, radar and drifting buoy.

In the second stage of analysis and forecasting, satellite information is converted to satellite photos, and radar information is reflected on a radar screen.

At the same time, however, a combination of all three kinds of information is needed to produce a synoptic chart.

這些地方就是在考驗我們能否結(jié)合已經(jīng)給出的文字,來選用合適的動詞進行造句。雖然或許有些動詞已經(jīng)出現(xiàn),如下面范例中的prepare,但是絕大部分動詞是你自己必須加進去的:

【原創(chuàng)范例】

Then, the results of analysis and forecasting are collated and sent to a central computer system to prepare the broadcast.

如果你具備了這種靈活的語言運用能力,那么所謂的“難點四”將不再成為難點了,而你也將在流程圖的寫作上邁進一大步,并向考官展示你非凡的構(gòu)造句子本領(lǐng)。

然后我們再來看另一個流程圖:

題目說:The diagram shows the life cycle of the silkworm.由于是一個生命周期的循環(huán),而且也標(biāo)有①-④的數(shù)字,所以前面三個難點幾乎蕩然無存了,只留下最后一個難題:如何使用合適的動詞把四個步驟有條理、有文采地描述出來。請欣賞下面的范例:

【原創(chuàng)范例】

First of all, a moth lays a multitude of eggs on mulberry leaves.After 10 days, the eggs successfully hatch into silkworm larvae that feed on the leaves.Then,4 to 6 weeks later the larvae are found to be surrounding themselves with silk threads.This process continues for 3 to 8 days until they are completely covered within a cocoon.Lastly, an adult moth emerges from the cocoon after another 16 days and is again responsible for egg reproduction, launching the life cycle of the silkworm into a new round.

我們注意到這里不僅有單一的動詞,也有動詞詞組(例如feed on);既有動詞的主動語態(tài),也出現(xiàn)了被動語態(tài)(例如be found to, be covered within)。另外,反身代詞surround oneself with……以及一些副詞again, completely的運用也非常嫻熟。除了動詞之外,形容詞詞組(be responsible for)和分詞(launching……into……)的使用也為文章增加了極大的語法和詞匯的多樣性。而四個步驟之間的時間過渡詞運用得也同樣精彩,可以說是完全沒有重復(fù)。

流程圖練習(xí)

A.

The diagram below shows how coffee is produced and prepared for sale in supermarkets and shops.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

B.

The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce electricity.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

流程圖范文

The diagram below shows the life cycle of a salmon, from egg to adult fish.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The diagram illustrates the stages in the life of the salmon, from birth to maturity. It is clear that there are six main stages as the salmon develops from egg to mature adult.We can also see that salmon spend time in three distinct locations during the cycle, moving from river to estuary to ocean and then back upstream.

Salmon begin their lives in rivers where the adult fish lay and incubate their eggs.After emerging from eggs, the young salmon spend the next stage of their lives being reared in freshwater areas.Then, at some point in their development, the fish swim downstream to river estuaries where rearing continues.

Following the estuary rearing period, the maturing salmon migrate to the ocean, where they eventually become fully grown adults. Finally, the adult fish travel back upstream to spawning areas of rivers;here they reproduce and lay their eggs, and the life cycle begins anew.

流程圖小貼士

在流程圖中,需要對以下兩點掌握充分。

1.順序承接性:流程圖描寫一個由幾個步驟構(gòu)成的過程,這些步驟的描寫并不全是通過多個段落去體現(xiàn),而是可以借助信號詞,即一些能夠表示進程的過渡轉(zhuǎn)換詞來表現(xiàn),這就是所謂的“順序承接性”。

2.被動語態(tài):在流程圖中,動作的發(fā)出者或執(zhí)行者往往都沒有標(biāo)明出來,所以我們最好用被動語態(tài)來寫句子。事實上,流程圖中的被動語態(tài)用得比主動語態(tài)更為頻繁。當(dāng)然,一些特殊的語法句式和結(jié)構(gòu)(比如強調(diào)句式、定語從句和目的狀語從句)也能幫助獲取高分。

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