表格題

表格題（table）在所有的雅思圖表作文中以其涵蓋的信息量大、考查的分析點(diǎn)多而備受出題者青睞。有的考生一看到眾多的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)往往無(wú)所適從，而大部分人即使是已經(jīng)分析完全圖也很容易出現(xiàn)思路混亂的情況。從小作文的反饋信息來(lái)看，思路混亂的文章很難得到6分以上。

在此我們建議對(duì)表格題的分析可以采取橫、縱兩條線分兩方向分別進(jìn)行，其操作過(guò)程中要關(guān)注最重要的兩項(xiàng)：一是比較，二是歸類或者總結(jié)趨勢(shì)。如果其中的一個(gè)方向是時(shí)間、年代、年齡等連續(xù)體，該方向的分析則可以相應(yīng)從簡(jiǎn)。

從本質(zhì)上講，對(duì)于比較和歸類，表格題和多柱圖以及多餅圖在數(shù)據(jù)的采取和比較的參照點(diǎn)選取方法上幾乎是一模一樣的，只是一般情況下表格給定的總數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)比較多，采點(diǎn)時(shí)不如柱狀圖和餅形圖那么直觀；還好本類圖表歸類難度較輕，只需把比較類似的數(shù)據(jù)歸到一起，形成兩到三類，相應(yīng)地減輕分析時(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)即可。但是要從大量的數(shù)據(jù)中歸納出一定的結(jié)論的確不易，棘手的原因之一是因?yàn)楸砀駡D往往有特殊點(diǎn)存在，二是因?yàn)楸砀駡D橫格和縱格有可能都會(huì)呈現(xiàn)一定的規(guī)律性，在考場(chǎng)上比較緊張的情況下考生出現(xiàn)遺漏的情況也不乏其例。

我們還是先來(lái)看如何分析一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單的統(tǒng)計(jì)表（原圖和一個(gè)柱狀圖一起出現(xiàn)）：

首先，第一行的幾個(gè)年代可以暫時(shí)忽略，所以我們首先看三個(gè)國(guó)家在不同年間的縱比以及它們之間的橫比：1950年時(shí)，中國(guó)是三國(guó)之中人均壽命最短的國(guó)家，但后期增幅最大，預(yù)計(jì)到2050年將達(dá)到最高值；與之相類似的是西班牙，在統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí)段內(nèi)其人口平均年齡也在不斷增長(zhǎng)，但增幅稍遜于中國(guó)；但是美國(guó)的數(shù)字幾乎沒(méi)有什么變化，徘徊在73左右。

其次，我們要注意歸納式的表達(dá)。所有的年齡都呈現(xiàn)增多的趨勢(shì)，只有美國(guó)在2050年的一個(gè)預(yù)計(jì)值是個(gè)例外，所以這個(gè)題的難度不大。加上原題中該圖還搭配有另外一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)含量也比較大的多柱圖，需要占用大量的筆墨，所以該圖寫起來(lái)不必要太過(guò)詳細(xì)。

【原創(chuàng)范例】

The average life span in China grew most significantly, from the least（65）in 1950 to the projected maximum（83）in 2050.

And similar age lengthening happened in Spain, but with slower pace.

By contrast, the only country with possible decreasing data was US, but around 73 Americans survived.

雖然范例字?jǐn)?shù)不多，但是對(duì)三個(gè)國(guó)家各自的變化趨勢(shì)以及之間的類比和反比、極值、特殊點(diǎn)包括原始數(shù)據(jù)都有涵蓋，何況這個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表只是150字小作文當(dāng)中的一個(gè)圖，因此寫得過(guò)多沒(méi)有意義。本圖從分析和示例范例上看，除了前面我們多次用到的表達(dá)極值、比較等句式和詞匯外，統(tǒng)計(jì)表中的核心要素——平均年齡如何用名詞（average life span, age lengthening）、動(dòng)詞（survived）或者介詞短語(yǔ)（with possible decreasing data）等不同詞性表達(dá)出來(lái)對(duì)于該圖表來(lái)說(shuō)可能更具有挑戰(zhàn)性。

下面我們來(lái)看一道比較有代表性的統(tǒng)計(jì)表：

這個(gè)表和前一個(gè)表相比，橫向和縱向的數(shù)目都增多了，而且項(xiàng)目之間完全是“散點(diǎn)”（即沒(méi)有連續(xù)性），不論是參比數(shù)據(jù)的選取還是歸納難度都遠(yuǎn)大于第一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表。首先我們看第一行列出的幾個(gè)國(guó)家，不難看出其中有一個(gè)比較特殊的個(gè)例——新加坡，其人口不算多，嬰兒死亡率低，而且平均受教育程度最高，這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論自然而然就形成于此：該國(guó)家比較適合人類居住，因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)福利較好，居民生活條件比較優(yōu)越；而牙買加?jì)雰核劳雎首罡?，平均受教育水平低，所以和前面我們提到的新加坡相比，不太適合居住。

接下來(lái)我們從橫向的幾個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)方面來(lái)比較一下：對(duì)于人口這一項(xiàng)，玻利維亞最稠密而牙買加人口最少；對(duì)于嬰兒死亡率，因?yàn)榍懊鎺讉€(gè)國(guó)家比較中已經(jīng)提及，所以可以只略寫剩下幾個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)都比較平均的值；第三項(xiàng)和第四項(xiàng)看似兩行，但其實(shí)可以歸類為一行，因?yàn)槌搜蕾I加的男性受教育率極其低之外其他所有的數(shù)值差距不太顯著，最高值前文已提到，所以我們可以將其列為該類中的特殊值來(lái)處理。

【原創(chuàng)范例】

Among the 4 nations listed, Singapore was the only one that was not too densely populated, with extremely advanced medical care（nearly 100%birth survival）and highest literacy coverage（94%and 87%for men and women respectively），which indicates that Singapore was the unparalleled land to live in, considering its quite ideal social welfare system.

A counterexample is Jamaica. Although it had the fewest people，2.3 million, its fatality proportion of the new-born babies arrived at 70，the worst in all the surveyed countries, and the living environment was aggravated by the least sufficient education level for men, nearly 1/3 lower than all others.

For population, the largest figure went to Bolivia，23 million, which was ten times that of Jamaica.But in medical area, except the above-mentioned Singapore, Jamaica, Ecuador and Bolivia were all in need of substantial improvement.And as to education, all the other items of the four countries were quite similar, with males in Jamaica an exception, but a 10%greater percentage of men seemed to have more schooling than women, the averaging of which was about 84%.

這樣的從橫、縱兩個(gè)主軸來(lái)分析比較，一方面能夠使文章分段清楚，有利于讀者理解，當(dāng)然還可能得到更高的分?jǐn)?shù)；另一方面操作起來(lái)易于理順?biāo)悸?，不至于寫成一團(tuán)麻，也減少了遺漏的可能。

其他橫向的幾個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)（population, infant mortality rate, and literacy）由于在幾個(gè)國(guó)家之間都可能反復(fù)被提到比較，所以要避免詞匯上的單調(diào)重復(fù)。此外，反復(fù)的對(duì)照和類比對(duì)于句法的多樣性這一評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而言，也是一個(gè)不小的問(wèn)題。如第二段中關(guān)于牙買加的極值有三個(gè)，但是分別以從句中的賓語(yǔ)（the fewest people）、主句中的同位語(yǔ)（the worst）和與前面主句相并列的另外一個(gè)主句中的介詞賓語(yǔ)（the least sufficient education level）的形式來(lái)呈現(xiàn)的。

餅圖練習(xí)

A.

The chart below shows the results of a survey of people who visited four types of tourist attraction in Britain in the year 1999.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

B.

The charts below show reasons for travel and the main issues for the travelling public in the US in 2009.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

表格題練習(xí)

A.

The table below gives information about the problems faced by children in two primary schools in 2005 and 2015.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Percentage of children with different educational problems in two primary schools

B.

The table below shows the amount of waste production（in millions of tonnes）in six different countries over a twenty-year period.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

C.

The table shows the percentages of employers in four industries finding it difficult recruiting employees in 2003 and 2004.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

表格題范文

The table below shows percentages of mobile phone owners using various mobile phone features.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Percentage of mobiIe phone owners using various mobiIe phone features

The table compares the percentages of people using different functions of their mobile phones between 2006 and 2010.

Throughout the period shown, the main reason why people used their mobile phones was to make calls. However, there was a marked increase in the popularity of other mobile phone features, particularly the Internet search feature.

In 2006，100%of mobile phone owners used their phones to make calls, while the next most popular functions were text messaging（73%）and taking photos（66%）.By contrast, less than 20%of owners played games or music on their phones, and there were no figures for users doing Internet searches or recording video.

Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top three mobile phone features. However, the percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet jumped to 41%in 2008 and then to 73%in 2010.There was also a significant rise in the use of mobiles to play games and to record video, with figures reaching 41%and 35%respectively in 2010.

表格題小貼士

表格題雖然是最直觀、最簡(jiǎn)潔的一種圖表，但其特點(diǎn)是數(shù)據(jù)繁多，因此我們就會(huì)碰到一個(gè)較大的難題：如何對(duì)眾多的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行挑選和分組。挑選的原則可參考前面提到的特殊數(shù)值，比如最大值、最小值、倍數(shù)值等。而分組的原則也是把反差較大的歸入一組，或?qū)⑶闆r近似的放在一起進(jìn)行描寫。