Moreover， this sort of tomb was not so very rare a thing in the cities of the Middle Ages. One often encountered in the most frequented street， in the most crowded and noisy market， in the very middle， under the feet of the horses， under the wheels of the carts， as it were， a cellar， a well， a tiny walled and grated cabin， at the bottom of which a human being prayed night and day， voluntarily devoted to some eternal lamentation， to some great expiation. And all the reflections which that strange spectacle would awaken in us to-day；that horrible cell， a sort of intermediary link between a house and the tomb， the cemetery and the city； that living being cut off from the human community， and thenceforth reckoned among the dead； that lamp consuming its last drop of oil in the darkness； that remnant of life flickering in the grave；that breath， that voice， that eternal prayer in a box of stone；that face forever turned towards the other world； that eye already illuminated with another sun； that ear pressed to the walls of a tomb； that soul a prisoner in that body； that body a prisoner in that dungeon cell， and beneath that double envelope of flesh and granite， the murmur of that soul in pain；--nothing of all this was perceived by the crowd.

The piety of that age， not very subtle nor much given to reasoning， did not see so many facets in an act of religion.

It took the thing in the block， honored， venerated， hallowed the sacrifice at need， but did not analyze the sufferings， and felt but moderate pity for them. It brought some pittance to the miserable penitent from time to time， looked through the hole to see whether he were still living， forgot his name， hardly knew how many years ago he had begun to die， and to the stranger， who questioned them about the living skeleton who was perishing in that cellar， the neighbors replied simply， "It is the recluse."Everything was then viewed without metaphysics， without exaggeration， without magnifying glass， with the naked eye.

The microscope had not yet been invented， either for things of matter or for things of the mind.

Moreover， although people were but little surprised by it， the examples of this sort of cloistration in the hearts of cities were in truth frequent， as we have just said. There were in Paris a considerable number of these cells， for praying to God and doing penance； they were nearly all occupied. It is true that the clergy did not like to have them empty， since that implied lukewarmness in believers， and that lepers were put into them when there were no penitents on hand. Besides the cell on the Grève， there was one at Montfau？on， one at the Charnier des Innocents， another I hardly know where，--at the Clichon House， I think； others still at many spots where traces of them are found in traditions， in default of memorials.

The University had also its own. On Mount Sainte-Geneviève a sort of Job of the Middle Ages， for the space of thirty years， chanted the seven penitential psalms on a dunghill at the bottom of a cistern， beginning anew when he had finished， singing loudest at night， ~magna voce per umbras~， and to-day， the antiquary fancies that he hears his voice as he enters the Rue du Puits-qui-parle--the street of the "Speaking Well."To confine ourselves to the cell in the Tour-Roland， we must say that it had never lacked recluses. After the death of Madame Roland， it had stood vacant for a year or two， though rarely. Many women had come thither to mourn， until their death， for relatives， lovers， faults. Parisian malice， which thrusts its finger into everything， even into things which concern it the least， affirmed that it had beheld but few widows there.

In accordance with the fashion of the epoch， a Latin inscription on the wall indicated to the learned passer-by the pious purpose of this cell. The custom was retained until the middle of the sixteenth century of explaining an edifice by a brief device inscribed above the door. Thus， one still reads in France， above the wicket of the prison in the seignorial mansion of Tourville， ~Sileto et spera~； in Ireland， beneath the armorial bearings which surmount the grand door to Fortescue Castle， ~Forte scutum， salus ducum~； in England， over the principal entrance to the hospitable mansion of the Earls Cowper： ~Tuum est~. At that time every edifice was a thought.

As there was no door to the walled cell of the Tour-Roland， these two words had been carved in large Roman capitals over the window，--TU， ORA.

And this caused the people， whose good sense does not perceive so much refinement in things， and likes to translate _Ludovico Magno_ by "Porte Saint-Denis，" to give to this dark， gloomy， damp cavity， the name of "The Rat-Hole." An explanation less sublime， perhaps， than the other； but， on the other hand， more picturesque.