小結(jié)

亞歷山大東征是歐亞大陸古代諸文明關(guān)系的一個(gè)分水嶺。此前，盡管有埃及新王國(guó)的對(duì)外擴(kuò)張，有赫梯帝國(guó)、亞述帝國(guó)、新巴比倫王國(guó)、米底王國(guó)的建立，但它們畢竟范圍有限，僅限于近東一帶。即使后來(lái)橫跨歐亞非三大洲的波斯帝國(guó)，也只是政治、軍事上的集合體，而非文化的統(tǒng)一體，波斯帝國(guó)各地的文化傳統(tǒng)根深蒂固。希臘和波斯的接觸始于希波戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，但波斯的慘敗決定了希臘、波斯長(zhǎng)久對(duì)立的政治格局。希臘北部的馬其頓王國(guó)的崛起打破了這種平衡，一場(chǎng)大戰(zhàn)不可避免。腓力二世的突然遇刺給其子亞歷山大提供了征服波斯的借口，也給其帶來(lái)了名揚(yáng)千古，建立比波斯帝國(guó)更為龐大的帝國(guó)的機(jī)緣。亞歷山大因此與未來(lái)的絲綢之路開(kāi)通也就建立了遙遠(yuǎn)而有機(jī)的聯(lián)系。

（楊巨平）

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(1)相關(guān)論述，詳見(jiàn)Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, Vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1948, pp. 256-260 (especially see pp. 258-259). 關(guān)于湯因比的挑戰(zhàn)與應(yīng)戰(zhàn)理論，詳見(jiàn)p.271ff.

(2)Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 3.4, with an English translation by P. A. Brunt, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996.

(3)詳見(jiàn)M. M. Austin, The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,1981, No. 227, pp. 374-378.

(4)參見(jiàn)楊巨平：《娜娜女神的傳播與演變》，《世界歷史》2010年第5期，第103—115頁(yè)。

(5)F. W. Walbank, The Hellenistic World, Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., 1981, p.221; https://www.ancient.eu/Marduk/.

(6)Amélie Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Vol. 1, London and New York: Routledge, 2007, p. 492 (§10).

(7)Herodotus, The Histories, 7.66, with an English translation by A. D. Godley, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1938.

(8)關(guān)于中亞草原這些游牧民族的分布、生活、習(xí)俗、宗教信仰以及與南部農(nóng)耕世界的沖突等，詳見(jiàn)Strabo, Geography, 11.8, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988.

(9)Strabo, Geography, 11.8.3.

(10)《史記》卷一二三《大宛列傳》，二十四史點(diǎn)校本，北京：中華書(shū)局，1982年，第3161頁(yè)。

(11)《史記·大宛列傳》：“奄蔡在康居西北可二千里，行國(guó)，與康居大同俗。控弦者十余萬(wàn)。臨大澤，無(wú)崖，蓋乃北海云。”這里的大澤、北海當(dāng)指里海或咸海。

(12)詳見(jiàn)Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1965, pp. 1-21.

(13)Strabo, Geography, 11.11.1.

(14)Horace, Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, “To Augustus”, in Epistles, II.1.156, with an English translation by H. Rushton Fairclough, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.

(15)D. Panagiotopoulos, “Keftiu in Context: Theban Tomb-Paintings as a Historical Source,” Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2001), pp. 263-283 (esp. 263-264).

(16)Herodotus, The Histories, 1.1-5.

(17)見(jiàn)Herodotus, The Histories, 2.152, 154, 178-179.

(18)昔列尼的殖民者來(lái)自鐵拉島（Thera，今圣托里尼島，Santorini）的希臘人，但移民者的身份和移民原因自希羅多德時(shí)代就有兩種說(shuō)法，一說(shuō)是因干旱，七年無(wú)雨，為尋求新的生存之地，由巴圖斯（Battus）率領(lǐng)前往；另一說(shuō)一位巴圖斯和一批鐵拉人感到命運(yùn)不好，就先移民昔列尼，后來(lái)又有大批的鐵拉人前往。見(jiàn)Herodotus, The Histories, 4.151-153, 156-159.

(19)Herodotus, The Histories, 5.28.

(20)Herodotus, The Histories, 3.90.

(21)Herodotus, The Histories, 4.89, 97-98, 141.

(22)Herodotus, The Histories, 8.32-33, 53; 9.13.其中雅典的神廟經(jīng)歷過(guò)兩次焚燒。波斯人先是在占領(lǐng)雅典時(shí)燒毀了衛(wèi)城的神廟，薩拉米斯海戰(zhàn)后波斯人撤離雅典前，又燒毀了雅典城和還剩下的神廟。

(23)參見(jiàn)Xenophon, Anabasis, with an English translation by Carleton L. Brownson, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980；［古希臘］色諾芬：《長(zhǎng)征記》，崔金戎譯，北京：商務(wù)印書(shū)館，1985年。

(24)Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 2.7；［古希臘］阿里安：《亞歷山大遠(yuǎn)征記》，李活譯，北京：商務(wù)印書(shū)館，1985年，第57—58頁(yè)。

(25)Herodotus, The Histories, 5.22, 8.137-139.其中談到馬其頓王國(guó)的建立者帕狄卡斯（Perdiccas）如何從阿爾戈斯流落到馬其頓，并征服此地為王的過(guò)程。

(26)Herodotus, The Histories, 5.21, 8.136.亞歷山大一世為了報(bào)復(fù)波斯使者的荒淫要求，謀殺了他們，為平息事端，他把自己的妹妹巨該婭（Gygaea）嫁給了負(fù)責(zé)尋找這些使者的波斯貴族布列巴斯（Bubares），此人是薛西斯一世的遠(yuǎn)房堂兄弟（the second-degree cousin）。

(27)Herodotus, The Histories, 5.17-21; 7.185; 9.31.

(28)Herodotus, The Histories, 7.173; 9.44-45.

(29)一說(shuō)他的父親帕狄卡斯二世在位時(shí)（Perdiccas II，約公元前454/448—前413年）就把Pella作為都城。Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander, “Introduction,” with an English translation by John C. Rolfe, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998, p. xxiv.

(30)Aristotle, Politics, 5.8.10.

(31)Plutarch, Alexander, 10.4.

(32)Waldemar Heckel and J. C. Yardley, Alexander the Great: Historical Texts in Translation, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004, p. xvii.

(33)說(shuō)他追查那些陰謀的參與者，并懲罰了他們。參見(jiàn)Plutarch, Alexander, 10.4, with an English translation by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996; On the Fortune of Alexander, I.3 (327 c), with an English translation by Frank Cole Babbitt, et al., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994; Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 9.7.12, 11.2.1, 12.6.14, translated by J. C. Yardley, Atlanta, GA: Scholar’s Press, 1994; Diodorus Siculus, The Library of Histories, 17.2.1, 3-5, with an English translation by C. Bradford Welles, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.

(34)Arrian, Anabasis, 2.14.5.

(35)Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, “Introduction”, 15 (p. xxvi-xxvii), 46 (p. lx).

(36)Quintus Curtius, History of Alexander, 4.1.12.

(37)Arrian, Anabasis, 1.17.9, 25.1-3.

(38)事實(shí)上，亞歷山大就有偽造大流士三世來(lái)信的慣例。見(jiàn)Diodorus Siculus, The Library of Histories, 17.39; Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 2.14.1 (n.1).