16　古希臘生活

古希臘人是如何生活的

你可能會問，如果古希臘人總是跑到集市上商討國家大事，他們怎么還有時間照看家庭和生計呢？在本章，我將會告訴你。

在一切政務中，古希臘民主政治只承認一種公民——自由民。每個古希臘城邦都住著少部分天生的自由民、大部分奴隸和幾個外國人。

偶爾（通常是爆發戰爭的時候，需要有人從軍），希臘人會自愿賦予被稱為“野蠻人”的外國人公民權。但這是例外。公民權是與生俱來的。因為你的父親、祖父是雅典人，所以你自然也是雅典人。但如果你不是雅典人所生，那么不管你是多么精明的商人或多么勇敢的戰士，你永遠都是“外國人”。

因此，古希臘城邦不論是明君統治還是暴君統治，它始終由自由民操縱，并為自由民服務。但是沒有大批的奴隸，這種狀態也是很難維持的。奴隸的人數是自由民的5～6倍。奴隸干了全部的工作。他們的辛苦就如同我們現代人為了養家糊口、交付房租而必須花大部分時間和精力去拼命掙錢一樣。

wish to provide for our families and pay the rent of our apartments.

The slaves did all the cooking and baking and candlestick making of the entire city. They were the tailors and the carpenters and the jewelers and the school-teachers and the bookkeepers and they tended the store and looked after the factory while the master went to the public meeting to discuss questions of war and peace or visited the theatre to see the latest play of ?schylus or hear a discussion of the revolutionary ideas of Euripides, who had dared to express certain doubts upon the omnipotence of the great god Zeus.

Indeed, ancient Athens resembled a modern club. All the freeborn citizens were hereditary members and all the slaves were hereditary servants, and waited upon the needs of their masters, and it was very pleasant to be a member of the organisation.

But when we talk about slaves, we do not mean the sort of people about whom you have read in the pages of “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” It is true that the position of those slaves who tilled the fields was a very unpleasant one, but the average freeman who had come down in the world and who had been obliged to hire himself out as a farm hand led just as miserable a life. In the cities, furthermore, many of the slaves were more prosperous than the poorer classes of the freemen. For the Greeks, who loved moderation in all things, did not like to treat their slaves after the fashion which afterward was so common in Rome, where a slave had as few rights as an engine in a modern factory and could be

奴隸干了全城所有的活：做飯、烤面包、做蠟燭。他們是裁縫、木匠、珠寶匠、教師和簿記員。他們也要保管倉庫、照料工廠。因為有時老板要去公眾集會上商討戰事與和平的問題，或去戲院看埃斯庫羅斯的最新戲劇，去聽別人討論敢懷疑主神宙斯威力的歐里庇得斯的革命思想。

不錯，古代雅典就好比現代俱樂部，所有自由民都是世襲會員，而所有奴隸都是世襲仆人，等著主人的命令。所以，成為這個組織的會員是件非?？鞓返氖?。

但是，我們說的奴隸并不是《湯姆叔叔的小屋》中的那種。干農活的奴隸，其境遇確實很不幸?？缮鐣讓拥钠胀ㄗ杂擅?，被迫出賣自己的勞動力給人干活，生活也很悲慘。而且在城里，很多奴隸比可憐的自由民富足得多。因為古希臘人在所有事情上都喜歡中庸，而不喜歡像后來的羅馬人那樣虐待奴隸。在古羅馬，奴隸就

thrown to the wild animals upon the smallest pretext.

The Greeks accepted slavery as a necessary institution, without which no city could possibly become the home of a truly civilised people.

The slaves also took care of those tasks which nowadays are performed by the business men and the professional men. As for those household duties which take up so much of the time of your mother and which worry your father when he comes home from his office, the Greeks, who understood the value of leisure, had reduced such duties to the smallest possible minimum by living amidst surroundings of extreme simplicity.

To begin with, their homes were very plain. Even the rich nobles spent their lives in a sort of adobe barn, which lacked all the comforts which a modern workman expects as his natural right. A Greek home consisted of four walls and a roof. There was a door which led into the street but there were no windows. The kitchen, the living rooms and the sleeping quarters were built around an open courtyard in which there was a small fountain, or a statue and a few plants to make it look bright.Within this courtyard the family lived when it did not rain or when it was not too cold. In one corner of the yard the cook（who was a slave）prepared the meal and in another corner, the teacher（who was also a slave）taught the children the alpha beta gamma and the tables of multiplication and in still another corner the lady of the house, who rarely left her domain（since it was not considered good form for a married woman to be seen on the street too often）was repairing her husband's coat with her seamstresses（who were slaves，）and in the little office, right off the door, the master was inspecting the accounts which the overseer of his farm（who was a slave）had just brought to him.

When dinner was ready the family came together but the meal was a very simple one and did not take much time. The Greeks seem to have regarded eating as an unavoidable

像現在工廠的機器一樣沒有權力，稍有過錯，就被拿去喂野獸。

古希臘人把奴隸制看作一種必要的制度，認為沒有它，城市就不可能成為真正文明人的家園。

奴隸也干著與我們今天的商人和專業人員一樣的工作。那些家務活，占用了你母親許多時間，又讓你父親下班回來后頭疼。然而，希臘人懂得休閑的價值，讓自己生活在極其簡單的環境中，把家務瑣事降到最少。

首先，他們家里非常簡樸，甚至富有的貴族一輩子也只住在土房子里。在那些房子里，就連現代工人認為的最起碼的舒適感都沒有。古希臘人的房子由四面墻和一個頂構成，有一扇門通向街道，但沒有窗戶。廚房、起居室和臥室分布在一個露天的院子周圍。為了美化環境，院子里面常有一個小噴泉、一尊塑像，或者一些花草樹木。如果不下雨，天氣也不太冷，一家人就主要在院子里活動。院子的一角，廚子（奴隸）準備做飯；另一角，老師（也是奴隸）教孩子們字母表和乘法表；還有一個角落，很少出門的女主人（因為對一個已婚婦女來說，經常拋頭露面是不好的）正在和裁縫們（奴隸）一起給丈夫縫補衣服。院門邊的小辦公室，男主人正在看農場監工（奴隸）剛交來的賬目。

飯做好了，一家人就在一起享用。但飯菜很簡單，沒多久便吃完了。古希臘人似乎把吃飯看成無法避免的負擔，而不是娛樂。就像他們認為的，娛樂固然可以消磨很多無聊的時間，但最終會毀掉很多沒有追求的人。他們吃面包、喝酒，外加一點肉和綠色蔬菜。他們認為水對健康不利，所以只在沒有飲料時才喝水。他們喜歡

evil and not a pastime, which kills many dreary hours and eventually kills many dreary people. They lived on bread and on wine, with a little meat and some green vegetables. They drank water only when nothing else was available because they did not think it very healthy. They loved to call on each other for dinner, but our idea of a festive meal, where everybody is supposed to eat much more than is good for him, would have disgusted them. They came together at the table for the purpose of a good talk and a good glass of wine and water, but as they were moderate people they despised those who drank too much.

The same simplicity which prevailed in the dining room also dominated their choice of clothes. They liked to be clean and well groomed, to have their hair and beards neatly cut, to feel their bodies strong with the exercise and the swimming of the gymnasium, but they never followed the Asiatic fashion which prescribed loud colours and strange patterns. They wore a long white coat and they managed to look as smart as a modern Italian officer in his long blue cape.

They loved to see their wives wear ornaments, but they thought it very vulgar to display their wealth（or their wives）in public and whenever the women left their home they were as inconspicuous as possible.

In short, the story of Greek life is a story not only of moderation but also of simplicity.“Things,” chairs and tables and books and houses and carriages, are apt to take up a great deal of their owner's time. In the end they invariably make him their slave and his hours are spent looking after their wants, keeping them polished and brushed and painted. The Greeks, before everything else, wanted to be “free”, both in mind and in body. That they might maintain their liberty, and be truly free in spirit, they reduced their daily needs to the lowest possible point.

互相請客吃飯，卻鄙視讓每個人酒足飯飽的招待方式。他們為的是品酒聊天，懂得適可而止，厭惡貪杯之徒。

他們不但餐廳簡樸，對衣服的選擇上也很簡單。他們喜歡干凈整潔，頭發胡子都打理得整整齊齊。為了身強體健，他們參加鍛煉，到健身房游泳。但他們并不追逐亞洲人的時尚，不會去喜歡那些俗氣的顏色和奇異的圖案。他們穿著白色的長袍，看上去就像現在身著藍制服的意大利軍官一樣精神。

他們喜歡看妻子佩戴首飾。但他們認為當眾炫耀自己的財物（或者妻子）是很庸俗的。所以，妻子都打扮得盡可能樸素再出門。

總之，古希臘人生活的故事不僅是一個節制的故事，也是一個簡樸的故事。“生活用品”包括椅子、桌子、書本、房子和馬車，占用了它們主人的大量時間。最終，它們不可避免地使主人淪為奴隸，將他的時間耗費在對它們的照顧、打磨、粉刷和涂漆上。古希臘人最希望身心“自由”。而為了精神上的真正自由，他們把日常需要減到了最低。