第16章　四項才能，集于一身

如今，世界上沒有哪個人既是雕塑名家，同時又是繪畫和建筑大師。可在1475年，卻誕生了一位后來成了世界著名的雕塑家、畫家和建筑設計師的人。他同時也是一位詩人，創作出了許多如今仍在出版印行的詩篇。非但如此，他還被人們公認為意大利“文藝復興”時期最偉大的藝術家呢。許多人都稱，他是自古希臘的菲狄亞斯以來最偉大的雕塑家。

這位了不起的天才人物，名叫博納羅蒂。你們聽說過博納羅蒂嗎？熟悉他這個名字的人可不多呢。我們都只知道他叫米開朗琪羅。米開朗琪羅是學習雕塑出身，因此他總稱自己是一名雕塑家，盡管他最有名的作品，其實都是羅馬西斯廷教堂里的那些壁畫。

小的時候，他就用雪堆雕出了一座塑像，讓有名的美第奇家族中的一個人，即當時的佛羅倫薩公爵大感驚訝呢。于是，公爵便允許這個孩子去研究他所收藏的古希臘和古羅馬雕塑作品，后來又給米開朗琪羅提供了工作。有一些雕塑作品，是在地下埋藏了數個世紀之后，才再次被人們發掘出來的。你們想象得到，發現一尊早已遺失的、著名的雕塑作品后，站在周圍的那些考古學家有多興奮嗎？米開朗琪

felt that carving a figure out of marble was like freeing a man from a prison made of stone.

When Michelangelo was only twenty-five years old, he carved a wonderful statue in marble called the Pietà.The statue shows Mary holding her dead Son across her lap after his Crucifixion.Some people like it better than Michelangelo’s later works because it is quieter and more tranquil than the statues he did afterward.Mary looks like a beautiful young woman instead of a grief-stricken mother of a grown man.Jesus is draped across her lap and his body is completely limp showing that there is no life left in him.People loved, and still love, Michelangelo’s idealized, beautiful view of Christ and his Mother.

It is said that during the time Michelangelo was working on the Pietà，he overheard two men discussing his work.They said that such a young man could not have carved such a near-perfect sculpture.As a result, Michelangelo took a chisel and hammer and signed his name on the back of the platform of the statue so no one would doubt that he was the artist.He rarely signed his work, for he believed it spoke for itself and all would know who the artist was-but this was an exception.

Some time after finishing the Pietà，Michelangelo was able to create a piece of work that made him famous throughout Italy.In Florence there was a huge block of marble that an earlier sculptor had begun to work on but had been unable to finish because the marble was so long and narrow.Michelangelo offered to make a statue out of this block of

羅就有過這樣的經歷。他曾經親眼見證了古希臘時期拉奧孔的那尊雕塑出土；這件雕塑，描繪的就是拉奧孔和兩個兒子被巨蟒纏死時的情形。難怪米開朗琪羅后來認為，用大理石雕刻出一個人物，就像是把一個人從石頭制成的監牢里解放出來一樣呢。

米開朗琪羅還在只有二十五歲的時候，便用大理石雕制出了一尊令人驚嘆的雕塑作品，名叫《圣母憐子》。這尊雕塑，描繪了耶穌基督在十字架上受難后，圣母馬利亞抱著死去的兒子，讓他橫躺在自己膝上的場景。相比于米開朗琪羅后來的作品，有些人更喜歡這座雕像，因為它比米開朗琪羅后來制作的那些雕像更加樸實，也更加寧靜。雕像中的馬利亞，看上去像是一位年輕的美麗女子，而不是一個成年人極度悲傷的母親。耶穌橫躺在她的膝上，全身毫無力氣，表明他已經沒有留下任何生命跡象了。對于米開朗琪羅這尊理想化的，將基督和圣母外表雕刻得非常美麗的作品，以前的人都非常喜歡，而如今人們也依然喜歡得很。

據說，就在米開朗琪羅創作這尊《圣母憐子》雕像期間，不經意中聽到兩個人在討論他的作品。那兩人說，這樣年輕的一個小伙子是不可能雕出如此近乎完美的一座雕像來的。于是，米開朗琪羅便拿了一把錘子和一把鑿子，把自己的名字刻在雕像底座的背面；這樣，就沒有人會再不相信他就是創作這件作品的藝術家了。他很少在自己的作品上簽名，因為他相信作品本身就能說明問題，讓所有的人都知道，究竟是哪位藝術家創作出了這些作品；可這一次卻例外。

《圣母憐子》像完工后，過了一段時間，米開朗琪羅又完成了一件作品，使得他在意大利變得聲名大噪了。當時，佛羅倫薩有一塊巨大的大理石，以前曾經有一位雕塑家試著雕琢過，可最終并未完成，因為那塊大理石的形狀實在是太過狹

marble.He was given permission to carve it and went to work.The block was set on end and enclosed by a fence so Michelangelo could work in peace.He finished in three years, and crowds of people came to see what he had done.

The statue was colossal. It was eighteen feet high and showed the Old Testament figure of David with his sling ready to fight the giant Goliath.Strange to say, everyone in Florence called the statue The Giant, although it was of a man who killed a giant.It is gigantic in size, weighing nine tons.People loved this statue of an ideal young man-the shepherd boy who defeated a giant and who would become king and compose the Psalms that so many know.

Michelangelo was a very careful student of anatomy-the study of the muscles and other parts of the body. He studied the bodies of people and even cut up dead bodies so he could learn about the muscles under the skin, which were key to making a statue look lifelike.He knew so much about muscles that he carved some of his statues in strained and unusual positions, showing the proper play of muscles under the skin.

You can see how Michelangelo's understanding of anatomy helped him make David look so lifelike. The original statue of David is in the Galleria

長了。米開朗琪羅提出，由自己來將這塊大理石雕刻成一尊雕像。他獲得了允許，便開始雕刻了。人們將這塊大理石立起來，并用籬笆圍住，好讓米開朗琪羅可以安靜地工作。三年之后，米開朗琪羅完工了，人們便蜂擁而至，都想看看他雕的究竟是什么。

這座雕像的尺寸異常龐大。它高達十八英尺，描繪的是《圣經·舊約》中大衛這個人物手持彈弓，準備與巨人哥利亞戰斗時的場景。說來也怪，盡管這尊雕像實際上描繪的是一位殺死了巨人的英雄，可佛羅倫薩人卻全都將這尊雕像稱為“巨人”呢。它的尺寸的確異常巨大，竟然重達九噸。人們都很喜歡這座描繪了理想中的年輕小伙子的雕像；其中的大衛本是一個牧童，卻打敗了巨人哥利亞，后來還當上了國王，并且創作出了眾所周知的《詩篇》。

米開朗琪羅還認真地研究了解剖學，這是研究人體肌肉和其他身體部位的一門學科。他研究了人們的身體結構，甚至還解剖過死尸，以了解皮膚之下肌肉的情況；而這一點，正是讓一座人體雕像顯得栩栩如生的關鍵之處。由于他對人體肌肉了如指掌，因此還雕刻出了一些姿勢不太自然、比較罕見的雕塑作品，表現出了皮膚之下肌肉的特有變化。

你們可以看出，米開朗琪羅嫻熟的解剖學知識，極大地幫助了他，才使他將《大衛》這尊雕像雕刻得栩栩如生。這座雕像的原件，如今保存在藝術學院美術

dell’Accademia, a school of art in Italy, where it stands under a dome and is bathed in natural light from a window above.I remember the first time I went to see the statue.After waiting in the long line that gathers every day, I entered the gallery, turned the comer, and saw this famous statue in the distance at the end of a long hall.It was so lifelike that I thought I saw David’s chest move as if he were breathing.Perhaps that may be one reason many consider Michelangelo’s David to be the most famous statue of all.

For the tomb of one of the popes in Rome, Michelangelo carved a statue of Moses, the Old Testament figure who led the Jews out of Egypt and received the tablets of the Ten Commandments from God. Of course, Michelangelo did not know what Moses really looked like.He had no pictures of Moses to go by, so he carved what he thought a hero like Moses ought to look like.He even carved horns on his Moses！You can see them in the picture.You remember, perhaps, how the Bible says the face of Moses shone with light when he came down from Mount Sinai.In early Italian versions of the Bible, the rays of light coming from the head of Moses were called horns due to a mistranslation of the Hebrew word light.And for this reason, people of Michelangelo's time thought Moses had horns.The statue is forceful，

館里，那是意大利的一所美術學校。這座雕像，矗立在一個圓形屋頂之下，沐浴在由天窗透下來的自然光線中。我還記得，自己第一次看到這尊雕像時的情形。在每天都有的長長隊伍里等候多時之后，我進入了美術館，拐過了一個角落，便遠遠地看到，這尊著名的雕塑作品屹立在長長的大廳的那一頭。雕像極其逼真，我覺得自己好像看到大衛的胸膛在起伏，仿佛他正在呼吸一樣。或許，這就是許多人認為米開朗琪羅的《大衛》是有史以來最著名的雕塑作品的一個原因吧。

米開朗琪羅還給羅馬一位教皇的墳墓創作了一尊摩西的雕像。摩西是《圣經·舊約》中的一個人物，曾經率領猶太人逃離埃及，并得到了上帝賜予的、刻有《十誡》的那塊石板。當然，米開朗琪羅并不知道摩西真正的長相是個什么樣子。他沒有摩西的畫像可以參考，因此便按照自己心中所想的，像摩西這樣的英雄人物應有的樣子來雕刻。他雕刻出來的摩西，頭上竟然還長著兩只犄角呢！在下圖中，你們就可以看到這兩只犄角。沒準你們都還記得，《圣經》中說，摩西從西奈山上下來時，臉上閃爍著光芒。在早期的意大利文版《圣經》中，由于誤譯了希伯來語中的“光芒”一詞，所以摩西頭上發出的光芒，就被誤稱為“犄角”了。因此，米開朗琪羅那個時代的人，都以為摩西頭上是長著犄角的。這尊雕像非常有力，既宏偉

majestic, and powerful.All who see it, remember it.

Michelangelo made statues for the tombs of two members of the Medici family that are as famous as Moses. The Medici family was one of the most powerful in all of Florence.They were patrons-wealthy or influential supporters who provided everything artists such as Michelangelo needed to live and work.These tombs are in the Medicis'private chapel in Florence.Michelangelo placed two figures, a man and a woman, on each tomb.The two figures on one of the tombs are known as Morning and Evening and those on the other are known as Day and Night.Above these figures, Michelangelo placed portrait statues of the men whose tombs they were.One of the portrait statues is known as The Thinker and the other as The Warrior.

Michelangelo lived to be eighty-nine years old and died in 1564. He is remembered not only for his sculpture but also for his paintings, such as those on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and for his architecture, such as the dome of St.Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.

莊嚴，又威風凜凜。所有的人看過這尊雕像后，都會終生難忘呢。

米開朗琪羅也給美第奇家族中兩位成員的墳墓制作過雕像，它們都與《摩西像》一樣，聲名赫赫。美第奇家族是佛羅倫薩歷史上最有勢力的家族之一。他們都是所謂的“恩主”，即給像米開朗琪羅這樣的藝術家提供生活和創作所需一切的有錢人，或者有權有勢的資助者。這兩座墳墓，都位于佛羅倫薩美第奇家族的私人小教堂里。米開朗琪羅為每座墳墓都雕刻了一男一女兩尊人物雕像。其中一座墓地的兩尊雕像，分別叫作《晨》與《昏》，而另一座墓地的兩尊雕像，則稱為《晝》與《夜》。在這幾座雕像的上方，米開朗琪羅還為墓主人制作了肖像雕塑。其中的一尊肖像雕塑被稱為《思想家》，而另一尊則稱為《勇士》。

米開朗琪羅活到了八十九歲高齡，逝世于1564年。如今，由于他那些高超的雕塑藝術作品，還有像西斯廷教堂天花板上的繪畫，以及像梵蒂岡圣彼得大教堂這樣的建筑，米開朗琪羅被世人永遠銘記著。